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Visual Kathã: A Glimpse Of Eklavya Prasad’s Portraits of Persistence, Enduring Communities of North Bihar

Photographer Eklavya Prasad’s Visual Kathã series on ‘Portraits of Persistence, and Enduring Communities of North Bihar’ will be on display at Delhi’s The Art Gallery on Lodhi Road from December 6-12 from 11 am to 7 pm. Sunita Narain, Director General, Centre for Science and Environment, New Delhi will inaugurate the exhibition 6 pm on December 5. Dr. Krishna S. Vatsa, Member, National Disaster Management Authority, New Delhi, will be the guest of honour. The series captures the untold resilience of North Bihar’s communities as they confront the cyclical devastations of annual flooding. THE EXHIBITION Through this collection, viewers will be taken on a journey that unfolds the intricate dimensions of floods, beginning with the varied typologies, from flash floods to the riverine floods, engulfing rise of river waters, each with unique implications for the region’s landscape and lives. The photographs document the immediate impacts on daily life, as homes, farmlands, and infrastructure yield to the force of water.

Climate Change and Green Economy

Unpacking India’s fuming response at COP29: What really transpired?

In the wee hours of November 24, while most people in India were fast asleep, a drama unfolded at a sprawling conference hall of the Olympic stadium in Azerbaijan’s capital Baku. Diplomats from nearly 200 countries, civil society representatives and journalists had gathered to witness a decision that could determine the fate of climate action in the Global South. But what transpired was far from routine — it was a moment of diplomatic brinkmanship that left many stunned and India’s delegation fuming. As the president of this year’s UN climate conference, Mukhtar Babayev, approached the centrepiece agenda item — the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) on climate finance — India’s Deputy Lead Negotiator Neelesh Sah rushed to COP29 Lead Negotiator Yalchin Rafiyev to convey that the country wants to make a statement before the adoption of the contentious decision. Around 2:30 am, without so much as a pause for objections or comments, Babayev hammered the gavel, declaring the USD 300 billion climate-finance package adopted. The move was so swift, it left delegates from many developing countries blinking in disbelief. Avantika Goswami, head of the Climate Change Programme at the Centre for Science and Environment, said it happened “quite suddenly and unceremoniously”. “We were surprised because the last-known figure on the table — USD 300 billion — was far below the latest G77 compromise of USD 500 billion. We also knew that India was preparing to interject in the process. The fact that it was passed before any such objections were raised came as a surprise,” she said. Journalists witnessing the drama unfold in the plenary room saw the entire Indian delegation leap to their feet, making a timeout gesture. Sah dashed over to Rafiyev, exchanged a few words and returned to his seat, panting. Meanwhile, Babayev passed the microphone to Cuba for a statement, followed by India, Bolivia, Nigeria and Malawi, who spoke on behalf of a group of 45 least-developed countries. In total, 49 countries objected to the deal. In the UNFCCC process, one objection is enough to block a decision. However, India had no intention of blocking the deal and its outburst was about more than just the money. Delivering India’s statement, Chandni Raina, Adviser at the Department of Economic Affairs, described the manner in which the deal was adopted as “unfair” and “stage-managed”. Raina was scathing about the new climate-finance package, calling the meagre USD 300 billion a year by 2035 “too little and too distant”. She labelled the sum “abysmally poor”, “paltry” and an “optical illusion” — a far cry from the USD 1 trillion developing countries need every year to cope with the warming world. Raina flagged three major issues for India in the deal — paragraphs 8a, 8c and 9 of the agreement. Para 8a: This suggests that the USD 300 billion will come from all sorts of sources — public, private, bilateral, multilateral — and not directly as public money from developed to developing countries. Developing countries have long demanded grants or grant-equivalent funding, not loans that pile on debt. Many poorer nations already spend up to 10 per cent of their GDP on servicing debt. Paras 8c and 9: These allow developing countries’ contributions — whether through their funding to multilateral climate finance (MDBs) or their own bilateral climate finance — to be voluntarily counted towards the USD 300 billion goal. Essentially, Global South countries might end up footing their own climate bills — hardly the spirit of climate justice. Raina called it a “deflection” of developed nations’ responsibilities. Questions have been raised as to why India did not mention these issues at the heads-of-delegation meeting on Saturday or earlier. To be clear, India had already articulated its concerns throughout the two-week conference. From high-level dialogues on just transition, pre-2030 ambition, climate finance and adaptation finance to the Mitigation Work Programme and its national statement, India has consistently made its case, aligning with the group of Like-Minded Developing Countries. A former negotiator familiar with the backroom drama told PTI that India’s 11th-hour objection was not a tantrum — it was a plea for fairness. India wanted more discussion, especially since the text — with actual numbers — only came out a day before adoption. “India was shown a figure of USD 300 billion in closed-door meetings on Saturday (November 23), but public documents still listed it as USD 250 billion. Understandably, India was nonplussed,” the former negotiator said. To make matters worse, the COP29 presidency did not share how other countries had reacted to the USD 300 billion figure. India wanted to raise all these points before the decision was finalised, but the presidency did not give it the chance, the former negotiator explained. Another former negotiator pointed out that India’s statement in the plenary hinted at its desire for a proper discussion on all these issues. If India and others had spoken before the decision, it might have delayed the agreement. India’s actions suggest that it was not trying to derail the deal entirely, the negotiator added. Meanwhile, a civil society member was baffled by how two of the most vulnerable groups to climate change — the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) — ended up accepting “such a bad deal” after staging a walkout just hours earlier. These groups had demanded USD 220 billion and USD 39 billion respectively from the total finance package. Most experts PTI spoke to believe that the shadow of the US presidential elections played a big role. “Countries were scared into thinking that next year’s deal would be even worse. They felt cornered into accepting this one,” said the first negotiator. An observer added that Brazil, set to host COP30, wanted to avoid inheriting a mess, while heavyweights like China and Saudi Arabia were busy safeguarding their interests — they did not want to be officially recognised as climate-finance contributors. As the world turns its focus to the next climate summit in Brazil, one question lingers — can meaningful progress be made if such critical decisions are seen as skewed against those most vulnerable to climate change?

Clean Air & Sustainable Mobility

CAQM yet to submit data on increase in stubble ‘burnt area’ to apex court

Despite a Supreme Court directive, the Commission for Air Quality Management in NCR and Adjoining Areas (CAQM) is yet to submit data to the top court on the increase in paddy stubble ‘burnt area’ in Punjab and Haryana in 2023, according to sources and the CAQM’s recent affidavit. The CAQM has also failed to provide the ‘Minutes of the Meeting (MoM)’ of a committee formed by it, which showed that the commission had information about the increase in ‘burnt area’ and that several farmers were burning stubble after satellites passed over the area to avoid detection. The data is critical in understanding the extent of stubble burning as the number of incidents has dipped significantly in both States this year, according to data by the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) on Saturday at the end of this year’s paddy harvest season. The CAQM also uses IARI data. Experts emphasise that considering both stubble burning incidents and stubble ‘burnt area’ is essential to grasp the actual magnitude of the problem. On November 22, a Bench of Justices A.S. Oka and Augustine George Masih of the Supreme Court took note of a report in The Hindu that stated that the CAQM had information that the ‘burnt area’ of paddy fields in Punjab and Haryana increased, but the commission did not inform this to the apex court. The CAQM had informed the Supreme Court time and again that over the past couple of years there has been a “significant reduction” in stubble burning incidents, the report said. According to data from the Punjab government and the Centre, the ‘burnt area’ of paddy fields in Punjab and Haryana increased in 2023 compared with previous years. In Punjab, there was an increase in burnt area in 2022 as well, compared with 2021. Data for Haryana is not available for 2022. The Bench then directed the CAQM to submit the data on increase in ‘burnt area’ and the MoM cited in the article to the court by November 25 and also give clarifications. ‘Important concept’ Justice Oka said other than number of fires, total burnt area is a “very important” concept. He stressed the need to create a mechanism to provide accurate data on farm fires and not to wait till October next year. However, the CAQM did not submit the data and the MoM in the affidavit that it had filed later. The CAQM did not officially respond to queries, but a CAQM source said the court asking to submit the data and MoM was an oral observation of the court and not part of the order. “The committee formed by the CAQM, which is headed by ISRO, is developing a protocol for paddy burnt area as there is no standard protocol now and different governments and agencies are using different protocols,” the source said. “Burnt area by itself will not be an accurate representation as many farmers now do partial burning of the stubble, but it will still be recorded as a completely burnt area in satellite measurements,” the source added. Anumita Roychowdhury, executive director, Centre for Science and Environment, a research and advocacy organisation in Delhi, stressed the importance of considering both burnt area and number of farm fires. “If we are considering only the number of stubble burning incidents, then big and small fires will be shown as the same. But the impact and emissions from a big fire will be more. So, we have to consider both to understand the magnitude of the problem,” she said.

Clean Air & Sustainable Mobility

What is Behind Delhi’s ‘Poor’ Air Quality Year Round

The time between November to February is the chilling winter season for north India. It is the time when thick mufflers hide faces of the shivering people and chai shops become comfortable warm spots in the outdoors. But over the past decade, winter season in the northern Indian region has become the alleged season of ‘pollution’. It has become the season of choked nostrils and daily updates on AQI by newspapers. Even though toxic air is a reality for Delhi year round, the winters make it visible more disastrously. Factors from vehicular pollution, stubble burning, and faulty waste incineration to Diwali firecrackers are cited for the persistent toxic atmosphere not only in Delhi but also in other metropolitan areas across North India. For instance, the pollution levels in Chandigarh, India’s first planned city which is about 240km away from Delhi, have been at more than 15 times the safe limit recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), for more than a month now. Each year in November, the Supreme Court passes orders directing various authorities to take serious measures. Special boards on pollution control work along with the municipal departments of various cities to work out a plan beforehand to control pollution. However, the problem remains unbattered year after year. The AQI hits an abnormally high record every year, which makes the people of the entire country go in awe. But the real question is, what is this pollution in North India that persists year on year in spite of multiple measures by various authorities, pressure groups and NGOs? There are many factors that contribute to the pollution in Delhi, and subsequently in the northern part of India. Amongst these, vehicular pollution and dust from construction work contribute the most to the annual poor air quality in Delhi year-round. Other factors include open waste burning, power plants in the region encompassing Delhi, agricultural burning of stubble and festivals that call for firecracker burning. Each one of these factors is taken care of by a separate governing body or control board in Delhi. This makes for multiplicity in the governance of a single problem. 1. AQI and Its Components The AQI or the air-quality index is a measure for reporting daily air-quality in a particular area. It defines how clean or polluted the air is and helps to predict pollution’s health effects on the human body. AQI is basically the measure of the density of pollutants present in the air. Eight individual pollutants are monitored to calculate a single composite index. These pollutants are namely PM10, PM2.5, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, ground-level oxygen, ammonia and lead. Each pollutant has its own sub-index value, which cumulatively forms the bigger index or the AQI. The oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide make up 80% of Delhi’s air pollution, which mainly stems from traffic. 1.1 Year-On-Year Comparison The mean average of month-wise daily AQI for Delhi was released by the Press Information Bureau, which recorded the AQI from 2018 to 2023. These trends clearly show that AQI for 2023 between the months of November to February has seen an increment, in comparison to the last few years. 2. Factors 2.1 Vehicular Emissions The Centre for Science and Environment or CSE is a Delhi-based research and advocacy group that writes on critical environmental issues. The organisation stated, “While meeting the clean air benchmark requires deep cuts in emissions from all sources of pollution in the region, the mobility crisis will require immediate attention and upscale intervention to cut down the prime contributor to the toxic pollution buildup.” Vehicle emissions contribute up to 51% to the local pollution of Delhi. Delhi’s registered vehicle population has reached up to 7.6 million in recent times from 2.2 million back in 1994. This makes for a growth rate of 14% in vehicle registration per annum. Among these, two-thirds of the motor vehicles registered are two-wheelers. Residents in Delhi are pushing themselves towards private vehicles because of the lack of a robust public transport system. This makes one household own more than two cars. This is how vehicular pollution became one of the biggest contributing factors to Delhi’s poor air. Delhi started to implement fuel-based standards before any other city in the rest of the country. The BS2 standards were introduced in Delhi in 2001 and were rolled out in the rest of the country in 2005. The Delhi government also attempted the odd-even experiment up to 3 times till 2024, with its first attempt in January 2016. The rules restricted vehicles with registration numbers ending with an odd digit on odd days and an even digit on even days. But that did not render a lot of noticeable difference to the worsening air quality. This rule excluded Delhi’s large and old fleet of DTC buses and the huge number of two-wheelers. The myth that CNG buses were a cleaner option for transport in Delhi was busted by a real-world vehicle emission study by ICCT released in 2024, which stated that CNG buses emit oxides of nitrogen, which contribute to the formation of secondary PM and ozone.

Clean Air & Sustainable Mobility

लगातार बढ़ते प्रदूषण पर लगाम लगाने में सरकार उदासीन

बेंगलूरु. वाहनों से होने वाला अत्यधिक उत्सर्जन, अनियमित निर्माण मलबे से धूल के पहाड़, वृक्षों की संख्या में भारी गिरावट ने विशेषकर वायु प्रदूषण संबंधित चिंताओं को कई गुना बढ़ा दिया है। लैंसेट प्लेनेटरी हेल्थ में प्रकाशित अध्ययन के अनुसार वायु प्रदूषण के कम स्तर वाले बेंगलूरु, हैदराबाद और चेन्नई जैसे शहरों में मृत्यु दर का जोखिम बहुत अधिक है। हर 10 माइक्रोग्राम की वृद्धि से दिल्ली में 0.3 फीसदी मृत्यु दर की तुलना में बेंगलूरु में मृत्यु की संभावना तीन फीसदी है। विडम्बना तो यह है कि लगातार बढ़ते प्रदूषण पर लगाम लगाने में सरकार उदासीन है। राष्ट्रीय स्वच्छ वायु कार्यक्रम (एनसीएपी) के तहत निधियों के उपयोग में 25 शहरों की सूची में बेंगलूरु सबसे खराब प्रदर्शन करने वाले शहरों में है। विशेषज्ञों के अनुसार परिवहन, अपशिष्ट जलाने और डीजल सहित वायु प्रदूषण के बिखरे हुए स्थानीय स्रोतों पर ध्यान केंद्रित करने की जरूरत है। 13 प्रतिशत का ही किया उपयोग सेंटर फॉर साइंस एंड एनवायरनमेंट (सीएसइ) द्वारा तैयार की गई एक रिपोर्ट कहती है कि बेंगलूरु ने स्वच्छ वायु कार्यक्रम के लिए 15वें वित्त आयोग के तहत जारी अनुदान का बमुश्किल 13 प्रतिशत ही उपयोग किया।पार्टिकुलेट मैटर (पीएम 2.5) उत्सर्जन के लिए 16 शहरों का अध्ययन किया गया। शहर में वाहन 64 फीसदी पीएम 2.5 उत्सर्जन के लिए जिम्मेदार हैं। डीजल जनरेटर (डीजी) सेट ने शहर के पीएम 2.5 में 11 प्रतिशत योगदान दिया जबकि खुले में ठोस कचरे को जलाने से 10 प्रतिशत उत्सर्जन हुआ। सड़क के धूल सात प्रतिशत प्रदूषण के लिए जिम्मेदार हैं। उत्सर्जन पर रोक नहीं स्थिति गंभीर है। पिछली गणना के अनुसार शहर में 1.2 करोड़ से ज्यादा वाहन हैं। वाहनों की विस्फोटक, अनियमित वृद्धि के बावजूद सरकार राष्ट्रीय स्वच्छ वायु कार्यक्रम के तहत अनिवार्य कई उपायों को सक्रिय करने में विफल रही। शहर की कार्य योजनाएं तैयार की जानी थीं, स्रोत विभाजन अध्ययन पूरा किया जाना था, प्रदूषण हॉटस्पॉट की पहचान की जानी थी और प्रदूषण आपातकालीन प्रतिक्रिया योजना तैयार की जानी थी। लेकिन, ऐसा कुछ भी नहीं हुआ। रिपोर्ट में सड़क पर उत्सर्जन प्रबंधन, पुराने वाहनों को चरणबद्ध तरीके से हटाने, सार्वजनिक परिवहन में सुधार, विद्युतीकरण, गैर-मोटर चालित परिवहन और पार्किंग नीति के विनियमन में भी भारी अंतर पाया गया है। समन्वय की कमी पर्यावरणविद् वी. रामप्रसाद ने बताया कि एनसीएपी के लक्षित लक्ष्यों के साथ प्रदर्शन से जुड़ी फंडिंग के लिए अनिवार्य रूप से सभी हितधारकों को समयबद्ध परिणाम दिखाने की आवश्यकता होती है। यहीं पर शहर की कई एजेंसियां कमजोर पाई गई हैं। मुख्य रूप से कर्नाटक राज्य प्रदूषण नियंत्रण बोर्ड (केएसपीसीबी) और बृहद बेंगलूरु महानगर पालिका (बीबीएमपी) के बीच समन्वय की कमी है। कोई भी पूरी जिम्मेदारी नहीं ले रहा उन्होंने कहा, केएसपीसीबी और बीबीएमपी मनमानी करते हैं। शासन की कमी है। कोई निर्वाचित पार्षद और महापौर नहीं हैं। ये सभी महापौर के कार्यक्रम हैं, न कि वे जो उपमुख्यमंत्री या मुख्यमंत्री को करने चाहिए। जब तक चुनाव नहीं होते, यह चलता रहेगा। कोई भी प्रभारी नहीं है और कोई भी पूरी जिम्मेदारी नहीं ले रहा है। वे दोष बीएमटीसी, परिवहन और अन्य विभागों पर डाल देते हैं। सफेद टॉपिंग सड़कों पर सफेद टॉपिंग से समस्या और बढ़ गई है। जब वाहन लगातार चलते हैं और लगातार ब्रेक लगाते हैं, तो धूल के कण उड़ते हैं। सड़कों की अक्सर सफाई नहीं की जाती और फुटपाथ पर धूल जम जाती है।

Clean Air & Sustainable Mobility

Strange bedfellows: As pollution levels soar, so do housing prices

Real estate prices and rising pollution levels seem to making strange bedfellows. The National Capital Region (NCR) has seen one of the steepest rise in real estate prices in the past few years along with a sharp decline in the air quality level. According to Anarock Property Consultants, average residential prices have gone up 57% between 2019 and the end of Q3FY25. At the end of the September quarter, average prices in NCR touched `7,200 per square feet. Residential prices in Gurugram jumped the most in the past five years from 7,500 per sq ft in 2019 to19,500 per sq ft in 2024, a rise of 160%, according to data analytics firm PropEquity. It’s a strange coincidence that Gurugram’s air quality level has also been declining at an alarming pace. Gulam Zia, executive director at property consultant Knight Frank, puts the nail on the head by pointing out buyer apathy. Buyers, he says, simply don’t care about the quality of air or water. “People don’t mind buying apartments in front of a burial ground or crematorium. This is the reality of real estate,” he said. Zerodha co-founder Nithin Kamath recently proposed linking property prices to air and water quality in cities. He also mooted a “discount on property prices” to solve the pollution problem. “Maybe a property price discount for the quality of air and water is the solution. If economics accounted for this, maybe we would all figure this out. Essentially the air and water quality determine the rate for the property,” Kamath posted on X on November 24. Also, this would probably turn a property owner into the owner of the place, and would have better odds of fixing it if working as a group, he said. While Delhi is getting all the attention, the air quality index (AQI) isn’t good in most urban areas in the country. Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Bengaluru and others are included in areas with very poor air quality, he said. Kamath also said cities such as Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai have seen pollution-related deaths of 11,964, 5,091, 4,678 and 2,870, respectively. “You have to wonder what it will take for us to take air pollution more seriously. By the way, this data only covers until 2019, and things have only gotten worse in the last five years,” he said. Environmentalists such as Anumita Roychowdhury, executive director, research and advocacy, Centre for Science and Environment, said the real estate industry should start integrating these micro environmental concerns into the value of the projects “so that people pay prices for quality of life.” Roychowdhury said that there are instances where green elements of the real estimates are put in front to promote a project like lake view property, green belt and rain water harvesting facilities. “For instance, there are reports about several families shifting out of Delhi-NCR during the winter months to escape poor air quality,” she said, adding that there is a need to study the correlation between property prices and quality of air or water a place offers. Vikrant Tongad, a Noida-based environmentalist and founder of Social Action for Forest and Environment, said, “Decision to buy a property is currently guided by employment opportunities available in the urban centres, concern about the environment often is seen as a temporary annual phenomenon during winter months.” But real estate developers such as Sanjay Dutt, managing director & CEO at Tata Realty & Infrastructure, said governments should have invested in controlling pollution at all levels. “Government collect education cess , water cess and so on. That never gets spend. Then these kind of problems bound to happen,” Dutt said. Dutt added that it is good that cites such as Mumbai have got Coastal Road, new metro lines and so on and it is a welcome move. “But all these should have happened 20 years ago. They are delayed,” he said , adding that electric vehicles have reduced pollution and pre-cast technologies have reduced construction pollution. He said because infrastructure is bad in many cities, people are paying premium to stay in good localities. “Real estate prices are high because infrastructure is bad,” he said.

Clean Air & Sustainable Mobility

CAQM yet to submit data on increase in stubble ‘burnt area’ to apex court

Clean Air & Sustainable Mobility

What Can India’s Metro Systems Do To Tackle Their Low Ridership?

India has transformed its urban mobility infrastructure in the past two decades, expanding from just two metro systems to a growing network of seventeen—with seven more on the horizon by 2030. This growing expansion shows India's commitment to modernizing its urban infrastructure, a crucial step in alleviating traffic congestion and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from its transportation sector. Despite this impressive progress, most metro systems have fallen short of their projected ridership levels. According to studies by WRI India and Delhi-based think tank The Infravision Foundation, many metro systems in India operate at less than 15% of their forecasted ridership, with some networks struggling to reach even 10%. The country's largest, Delhi Metro, currently achieves approximately 47% of its ridership target—a figure that, while better than others, still highlights a gap between expectations and reality. While these figures don't necessarily imply that India's metro system is unsuccessful, they do, nevertheless, highlight an important point: India's large expenditure on developing world-class metro systems is not serving or benefiting as many people as initially imagined. To overcome the low ridership problem facing India's metros, local and regional governments need to address affordability barriers, fragmented transit systems, and inadequate cycling and pedestrian infrastructure. Integrated Fare System Will Enhance Affordability and Reduce Fragmentation Affordability is a significant hurdle to the widespread use of metro systems in India. According to a 2019 study by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), Delhi commuters spend 14% of their income on metro travel—almost two to three times more than commuters in cities like Paris and New York (Table 1).

Clean Air & Sustainable Mobility

दिल्ली के प्रदूषण से लोग परेशान, दिसम्बर में AQI में हुई गिरावट

राजधानी दिल्ली में प्रदूषण बेहद खराब स्तर पर बना हुआ है। नवंबर महीने में एक भी दिन ऐसा नहीं था जब दिल्ली का एक्यूआई 300 से कम रहा हो। प्रदूषण के लिए पड़ोसी राज्यों में जलने वाली पराली को बड़ा कारण माना जाता है। लेकिन इस साल पंजाब और हरियाणा में पराली जलाने के कम मामले दर्ज हुए हैं। इसके बाद भी दिल्ली में प्रदूषण कम नहीं हुआ है। दिल्ली में AQI हुआ कम दिल्ली में इस साल नवंबर के पूरे 30 दिन ‘बहुत खराब’ या इससे भी खराब वायु गुणवत्ता में बीते. हालांकि, पहली दिसंबर ने 32 दिनों की लंबी प्रतीक्षा को खत्म करते हुए दिल्ली की हवा को कम से कम ‘खराब’ AQI श्रेणी में ला दिया. अक्टूबर 29 के बाद यह पहला अवसर था, जब वायु गुणवत्ता सूचकांक 300 से नीचे रिकॉर्ड हुआ. सुप्रीम कोर्ट का आदेश सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने कहा है कि दिल्ली-एनसीआर में 2 दिसंबर तक ग्रैप-4 की पाबंदियां लागू रहेंगी। सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने कहा है कि दिल्ली-एनसीआर में स्कूल हाइब्रिड मोड में चलते रहेंगे जैसा कि जैसा कि कमिशन फॉर एयर क्वॉलिटी मैनेजमेंट (सीएक्यूएम) ने सिफारिश की थी। सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने कहा कि ग्रैप-4 को लागू करने के दौरान लापरवाही बरतने वाले अधिकारियों के खिलाफ कार्रवाई में तेजी लाई जानी चाहिए। एक्सपर्ट का क्या है कहना? सेंटर फॉर साइंस एंड एनवायरनमेंट में रिसर्च एंड एडवोकेसी की कार्यकारी निदेशक अनुमिता रॉयचौधरी ने कहा, ‘दिल्ली की हवा की गुणवत्ता में पराली जलाने का योगदान बदलता रहता है और यह हवा की दिशा और गति से बहुत प्रभावित होता है।’ उन्होंने आगे कहा कि यह सच है कि कुछ दिन ऐसे रहे हैं जब दिल्ली की हवा की गुणवत्ता में पराली जलाने का योगदान बहुत ज्यादा रहा है, लेकिन ऐसे भी कई दिन रहे हैं जब पराली जलाने का कम असर होने पर भी दिल्ली का प्रदूषण बहुत खराब रहा है, जो स्थानीय प्रदूषण स्रोतों के ज्यादा प्रभाव को दर्शाता है। पूरे क्षेत्र की हवा को साफ करने के लिए अन्य स्रोतों में कमी के साथ-साथ पराली जलाने को पूरी तरह बंद करने की जरूरत है.

Sustainable Habitat

Strange bedfellows: As pollution levels soar, so do housing prices

Clean Air & Sustainable Mobility

Gurgaon AQI turns ‘moderate’ after 34-day gap

The air quality index in Gurgaon read ‘moderate' (189) on Monday after a continuous 34-day spell of highly polluted air in which it was ‘poor', ‘very poor' or ‘severe'. The last time it was moderate was on Oct 28, at 187. A rise in wind speed to 6km/h on Monday, up from 3 km/h on Sunday, and a rise in minimum temperature from 10 degrees Celsius to 12 degrees Celsius helped in the dispersion of pollutants from the atmosphere and lowered the AQI. The Gwalpahari station recorded the highest AQI at 267, while Teri Gram was at 191, Sector 51 at 152, and Vikas Sadan at 147. According to the System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting and Research (SAFAR), "The wind, coming from the northwest direction during the afternoon, will increase in speed, at around 12 kmph. It will then decrease, becoming less than 10 kmph, during the evening and night. Smog or fog is likely in the evening or at night, with a mainly clear sky on Dec 3." Moreover, the AQI is likely to deteriorate over the next three days as the ventilation index lower than 6,000 m²/s, with an average wind speed of less than 10 kmph, is unfavourable for the dispersion of pollutants. This will slow down the dispersion rate. Guidelines issued by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) say that when AQI is in the 'moderate' category, there can be discomfort in breathing for people with asthma and lung or heart diseases. In 'poor' AQI, discomfort in breathing can be felt by most people on prolonged exposure. An AQI between zero and 50 is considered 'good', 51 and 100 'satisfactory', 101 and 200 'moderate', 201 and 300 'poor', 301 and 400 'very poor', and 401 and 500 'severe'. Experts, meanwhile, attributed the fall in AQI to better meteorological conditions. "Over the years, vehicular emissions as well as construction activities have increased. The pollutants have not reduced at their source. This relief is just temporary, and the region may again see ‘poor' or ‘very poor' days when the wind speed dips and temperature declines," said Shubhansh Tiwari, a research associate at the Centre for Science and Environment. HSPCB officials maintained that local problems are responsible for the higher AQI in the city for most part of the year. Suspension of road dust due to vehicular traffic, an increase in construction activities, and waste burning were highlighted as major concerns. "We have been working towards mitigating pollutants. The GRAP 4 measures are working as we can see improvement in air quality," said Vijay Chowdhury, regional officer, Gurgaon.

Solid Waste Management and Circular Economy

Failure of Busan talks exposes fossil fuel barrier to UN plastics pact

The Busan talks which ended in the early hours of Monday were meant to be the final step in agreeing a UN treaty to end plastic pollution. But rumours started swirling on Sunday afternoon – later confirmed – that they wouldn’t be the last. Fighting back the exhaustion from one too many sleepless nights, diplomats and observers wondered why the talks had broken down – and what could prevent the same happening again when countries reconvene next year to try and push a pact over the finish line? One clear, prevailing narrative was borrowed straight from UN climate change negotiations: a vocal minority of defiant, well-coordinated petrostates had killed off the majority’s efforts to clinch an ambitious agreement to end plastic pollution. More than 100 countries – from rich Western states to African, Latin American and Pacific nations – got behind a drive to include provisions to cap plastic manufacturing in the new UN accord, rather than limiting it to a narrower focus on recycling. Anything short of that would be a failure and a betrayal, they repeated in unison throughout the week-long deliberations. “The time for the freedom to pollute is over,” said European Union envoy Tony Agotha on Friday. “Mopping the floor when the tap is open is useless.” “Economic interests” Only around 9% of plastic is recycled worldwide, according to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. It wrote in an October report that only through “stringent policies to curb production and demand”, combined with better waste management, could the world “nearly end plastic leakage to the environment by 2040”. Nearly all plastic is made using plant-heating fossil fuels and, as production is projected to double or triple in the next 25 years, that spells trouble for efforts to limit global warming and stem the flood of plastic waste clogging up the Earth’s oceans and littering its land. But a group of self-defined “Like-Minded” countries led by Saudi Arabia, Russia and Iran – which also includes most Arab states and quietly counts on support from India – don’t want to close the door on a key economic sector. In Busan, they pushed back strongly against any attempt to include provisions to cap plastic manufacturing in a legally binding UN pact. They reiterated their view that production curbs fall outside the scope of the treaty, saying they could cause “economic disruption”, trade restrictions and shortages of essential materials. In response, Ghana’s lead negotiator Sam Adu-Kumi told reporters on Sunday it seems that “people are looking at their economic interests without looking at the common enemy” of plastic pollution and “its devastating effects”. Fossil fuel-producing nations and companies see the petrochemicals industry, including plastics, as a lifeline because demand for oil and gas in the energy sector is projected to decline as the world shifts to cleaner sources for power and transport. China, the United States, India, South Korea and Saudi Arabia were the top five primary polymer-producing nations in 2023, according to data provided by Eunomia. More time needed The deep divisions between countries were on full display during a marathon seven hour-long closing plenary stretching into the early hours of Monday morning in South Korea. Juliet Kabera from Rwanda, speaking on behalf of the High-Ambition Coalition (HAC) of countries, brought the house down when she asked everyone who supported her statement – condemning calls from a minority of countries to remove “indispensable” binding provisions from the text – to “stand for ambition”. Russia’s delegate spoke of “production regulation models” being imposed “purely for economic reasons”, while Kuwait’s negotiator – on behalf of the Like-Minded group – expressed “concern” over a “rush to showcase progress” in negotiations where “everyone is bringing its lenses”. On Sunday, after the final session was suspended without an agreement, Inger Andersen, executive director of the UN Environment Programme (UNEP), which is running the talks, said more time is needed to overcome “persisting divergence in critical areas”. “We cannot afford to miss” the opportunity to make tackling plastic pollution a reality at the next session, she added in a written statement. But, given the enduring stalemate, many weren’t sure how that would be possible as they exited the cavernous plenary room. Higher level political involvement Siddharth Singh, programme manager at the Delhi-based Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), told Climate Home the next round of talks would be “tough as the US would be negotiating under the Trump administration, possibly strengthening the low-ambition countries”. The date for the resumption of the INC-5 talks has yet to be set, with the Earth Negotiations Bulletin reporting some countries want the next session to be convened in the first half of 2025 so as not to lose the momentum built in Busan, and others calling for it to be held in July or August next year given much work is still required before agreement can be reached. Some negotiators and observers are hoping China can play a decisive role in bridging the divide with the petrostates. Its Vice Minister Guo Fang told the closing plenary that all countries should “propose more pragmatic and balanced solutions” that address the “entire life cycle” of plastics, while taking into account their national differences. Aleksandar Rankovic, co-founder of the Common Initiative, a campaign group, called for “a much stronger involvement from heads of states or ministers” – something that was glaringly missing in Busan.

Clean Air & Sustainable Mobility

Stress on public transport, cleaner fuel, scientists list steps to keep air clean

Long-term measures like increased use of public transport and reduced dependence on private cars, forcing industrial units to shift to cleaner fuel and proper disposal of solid waste can help lower air pollution during winter, scientists said. Calcutta’s average air quality was “poor” and “moderate” on many days in November. The Air Quality Report, published by the state pollution control board, between November 23 and 30 showed that the air quality was “poor” on four days and “moderate” on the other days. “Moderate” air can cause “breathing discomfort to people with lungs, asthma and heart diseases” and “poor” air can cause “breathing discomfort to most people on prolonged exposure”, according to the Central Pollution Control Board. The Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) has been watering roads across the city to keep them moist and prevent resuspension of dust. The measure, though important in keeping dust under control, will not bring down the pollution index on its own, the scientists told Metro. Public transport “The government should boost public transport and reduce dependence on private cars. The transport sector is one of the biggest contributors to air pollution in Indian cities,” said Anumita Roy Chowdhury, the executive director of the New Delhi-based Centre for Science and Environment (CSE). A scientist at the state pollution control board (PCB) said several cars are needed to transport the number of passengers that a single bus can ferry. A Metro train can ferry an even larger number of people. “The more the number of vehicles, the more the emission and volume of pollutants released in the air,” said the PCB scientist. Phasing out of old polluting vehicles is also necessary to curb emissions by the transport sector. Industrial units Industrial units, too, contribute to air pollution in a big way. Their switch to cleaner fuel will be another step in achieving clean air. Many industrial units in and around Calcutta still use oil-fired furnaces, said the PCB scientist. “They should be incentivised to switch to electricity or LPG-fuelled furnaces whose emissions are much lesser,” the scientist said. Many areas surrounding Calcutta — Barrackpore, Belgharia, Rajarhat and Maheshtala — have many small-scale manufacturing units that still use oil-fired furnaces. Solid waste Timely removal of all solid waste from the city is also necessary to curb air pollution. The waste that remains uncleared for weeks or months is burnt by local people or municipal waste collectors, loading the air with a high volume of harmful particles. “Open burning of waste is a major contributor to air pollution. The municipal corporation has to ensure that waste does not accumulate anywhere in the city. That can prevent waste burning in the open,” Roy Chowdhury said. A lot of toxic elements are released into the air when solid waste is burned, scientists said. In many parts of Calcutta people are seen burning waste to keep them warm at night during winter. Construction sites Construction sites are another major contributor to air pollution because of the dust they generate. “All construction sites should be mandatorily covered with geotextile fabric that absorbs the dust emanating from the site. Sand and other construction materials should be kept in a moist condition so dust does not rise in the air,” a scientist said.

Clean Air & Sustainable Mobility

Delhi Faces Deepening Smog Crisis Amid Burning Practices

Delhi Battles Toxic Smog Crisis as Farmers Continue to Burn Crop Residue Delhi, the capital city of India, finds itself engulfed in yet another wave of toxic smog, underscoring the urgent environmental challenges faced by its 30 million residents. This smog crisis, aggravated by the seasonal practice of crop burning, raises alarm bells about public health and governmental preparedness. The situation reached new heights on December 1, 2024, when the Air Quality Index (AQI) dipped below 300 for the first time in over 30 days—marking it as the first significant improvement. The drop was attributed to favorable weather conditions, including dry northwesterly winds moving across the region. Yet, some parts of the city recorded AQI levels still classified as “very poor,” with PM2.5 particles measured at 114 μg/m³, outlined by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). According to the CPCB classifications, AQI levels gauge air quality as follows: 0-50 (good), 51-100 (satisfactory), 101-200 (moderate), 201-300 (poor), 301-400 (very poor), and 401-500 (severe). Unfortunately, on many days, many areas within the capital hover dangerously close to this severe end of the spectrum, largely due to agricultural practices aggravated by urban pollution. One significant contributor to the smog problem is the practice of stubble burning by farmers. Despite being illegal, farmers like Ali Sher from Haryana continue this practice as it remains one of the easiest methods to prepare fields for subsequent crops. Ali, who manages less than two hectares, laments, "I am scared of the authorities finding out, but I can’t help it. If I don’t plant the wheat now, it will be too late." Farmers face potential fines for this act, yet for many, the perceived economic necessity overrides legal concerns. This year has seen plenty of discussion around the purview of stubble burning, yet figures indicate it only contributes 1 to 3 percent of the aerial pollution on average, rising to 8 to 16 percent on particularly bad days; it's evident local pollution sources are now the most pressing issue. Research highlighted by the Lancet medical journal links air pollution to 1.67 million premature deaths across India, indicating the dire need for more comprehensive action. The larger question, though, is what steps are being taken to rectify these pervasive issues? Although the government has implemented measures over the years—such as shifting public transport from diesel to compressed natural gas (CNG) and closing coal-based power plants—the problem persists. Despite these actions leading to approximately 25 percent reductions of long-term PM2.5 levels since 2013, there remains the urgent requirement for another 60 percent reduction to meet national standards. Major pollution contributors identified include vehicular emissions, construction activity, industrial discharges, and residential sources. Currently, vehicles are responsible for over 50 percent of pollution emissions, thanks to increased motorization and inadequate public transport. Surprisingly, the number of vehicles registered soared to 79 lakh (7.9 million) as of 2024, marking the highest rate of vehicular growth. Notably, the use of public buses has seen little improvement over the years, with the city operating far short of the Supreme Court directive—a mere 7,683 buses against the mandated 10,000. This lack of public transport accessibility has seen daily reliance on personal vehicles surge, increasing their share from 38 percent to about 49 percent over the past decade, worsening congestion and pollution. Even with intense, multiyear clean air plans established due to the Supreme Court’s intervention, it's clear the results are not meeting expectations. For example, pollution from construction sites remains rampant, and there's little management of dust generated from roads. The government has been criticized for not imposing adequate regulations on these sectors, compounding the pollution crisis. Residents feel the effects acutely; many reported adverse health symptoms, such as persistent coughs, headaches, and other respiratory issues. False claims surrounding agricultural burning strategies exasperate the problem: misinformation abounds on social media, leaving citizens confused about the origins of pollution and their responsibilities toward mitigating it. According to Anumita Roychowdhury, Executive Director for Research and Advocacy at the Centre for Science and Environment, increased public awareness and engagement could have significant impact. She states, “The public opinion needs to first recognize the role they play.” Communities need to band together to advocate for cleaner air and press for the necessary systemic changes at all levels of government. Further compounding the issue is the role of the construction industry, where dust and debris are barely managed. The city government has failed to demonstrate effective plans for handling waste from construction sites or integrating recycling practices to minimize environmental impact. Effective measures here could dramatically improve urban air quality. Meanwhile, the public engages with the government through social media outcry, often leading to political theatrics rather than constructive dialogue. Cities across the globe have shown tangible improvements when motivated public opinion drives systemic change, pointing toward the need for more concerted community efforts directed at local governments. Government focus on climate-oriented urban planning is imperative, including improved public transit, incentives for clean energy initiatives, and strict action against polluters. This can make air quality improvements significant from one winter smog crisis to the next. Political leaders must acknowledge their role within this dialogue, focusing less on finger-pointing and more on developing long-term solutions. The winter months will continue to bring seasonal smog challenges, and as communities strive against hefty fines for farmers and their burning practices, there’s hope for improved air quality this year. Beyond just hoping for favorable weather, there is pressing need for expansive changes to transportation and waste management policies to improve the lives of Delhi's residents and break this persistent pattern of perilous air quality. For now, as Delhi's smog crisis continues, the questions remain: Can authorities effectively gamify pollution solutions? Will citizens demand accountability? The answer may provide what Delhi desperately needs—a breath of fresh air.

DTE - Web

HAMNET Report 1st December 2024

HAMNET Report 1st December 2024 Posted on Dec 1, 2024 by Dave Reece Writing in downtoearth.org.in, Kiran Pandey says that, while internal displacement in Africa has tripled in 15 years amid a spate of conflict and violence, there’s a six-fold increase in the number of internally displaced people whose lives have been disrupted by disasters, according to a new report. The report, released by the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) noted that the number of people living in internal displacement as a result of conflict and violence in Africa has increased from 10.2 million in 2009 to 32.5 million in 2023. However, in comparison, the displacements caused by disasters have risen more sharply, increasing nearly six-fold between 2009 and 2023. The number of times people were forced to flee disasters each year increased from 1.1 million displacements in 2009 to 6.3 million in 2023. This surge in 15 years is largely driven by climate-related events such as floods and droughts, highlighting the growing impact of environmental disasters on displacement patterns across the continent. Flooding, which impacts every region of the continent, is responsible for over 75 per cent of these displacements, while droughts contribute to an additional 11 per cent. For example, 69 per cent of the disaster-displacements in eastern Africa were due to floods. Most of those have taken place during the Gu season between March and May, and the Deyr season between October and December. In western Africa, floods accounted for 99 per cent of disaster-displacements. Most of such displacements occurred between June and September. Such trends revealed in the report call for an effective preparedness plan to deal with such events, during the rainy season. These include early warning, land use planning and water management. Climate change is making weather-related hazards more frequent and more intense, acknowledged the IDMC. This has also been evident from the climate attribution studies published by the World Weather Attribution in recent years. It is also amplifying other factors that make communities more vulnerable to disaster displacement, increasing the risk of future movements. Nigeria reported the highest number of displaced people, totalling 8.7 million, with nearly three-quarters affected by two significant floods in 2012 and 2022. These events accounted for over 70 per cent of all flood-related displacements in the country. According to the report, two cyclones—IDAI and FREDDY—were the most significant disaster-related displacement events in Africa over the past 15 years, impacting communities in Southern Africa. The displacement trends over the past 15 years highlight the urgent need for effective implementation of conventions and policies at the regional level. In 2009, the African Union adopted the Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa which is also known as the Kampala Convention. This was the first—and remains the only—legally binding regional instrument that addresses all causes and phases of displacement. It demonstrates the commitment of African nations to tackle the issue and set international standards for its management. Sobering thoughts indeed concerning our continent and climate change. For those of you who may have heard of, and been wondering about the bugs in the encryption algorithms used to secure emergency radio communications, urgentcomm.com says that the algorithms will now soon be released to the public domain, with the aim of encouraging code review and bug hunting. The news comes after multiple vulnerabilities were found in TETRA, short for Terrestrial Trunked Radio, which is a radio voice and data standard mainly used by emergency services, such as police, fire brigade, and military, as well as in some industrial environments. The bugs were found by Midnight Blue Labs earlier this year, and the research was presented at Black Hat USA, showcasing additional zero-day vulnerabilities that could allow anyone to spy on or manipulate transmissions. This decision to go public is a complete 180-degree turn for standard-maintainer ETSI, which originally pushed back against any claims of vulnerabilities within TETRA when they were initially found, claiming that the work to enhance the standard was already underway. Since then, a technical committee overseeing the TETRA standard met in October to decide on making the algorithms open to the public. Ultimately, the group came to a unanimous decision to make all of the TETRA Air Interface cryptographic algorithms open-source. With a bit of luck, the clever fellows or girls will find the bugs, fix them, and thereafter ensure safe and intact emergency comms using TETRA! Writing on his own blog, gadgeteer.co.za, Danie ZS1OSS refers to the FCC authorization to be given to a wireless cell carrier to connect directly with Starlink satellites, and says that satellite connectivity on smartphones can be an incredibly important safety feature, and both phone makers and carriers are working to expand its availability. Now, Starlink’s direct-to-cell service that will be used by T-Mobile has FCC approval. Danie says further: “The big promise of direct-to-cell satellite service is that you will be able to connect to a satellite just like you currently connect to a cell tower, with your current smartphone, whenever you find yourself in a dead spot. It’s like putting a cell tower in space that you can access at all times. “So, this is actually a huge event. Any ordinary cell-phone user, stuck in some rural area (or at sea) where these satellites have coverage, could establish communications as if there was a cell-phone tower in range. “It will be very interesting to see how these pan out in terms of more congested areas, and how operating costs compare. I’m thinking too here of some of the extreme electricity load shedding that South Africa experienced, where cell towers had no grid power for up to 6 hours at a time. South African operators have also had very expensive backup batteries stolen on a regular basis from their terrestrial sites. “When one factors all this in, how do a few satellite units compare? Even for rural communications, due to the reach of the towers, how many towers and interconnectivity infrastructures are required to cover a 200 square kilometre area vs by satellite?” Good Question! Thanks for the comments, Danie, and for permission to use the report. This is Dave Reece ZS1DFR reporting for HAMNET in South Africa.

Climate Change and Green Economy

Unpacking India's fuming response at COP29: What really transpired?

In the wee hours of November 24, while most people in India were fast asleep, a drama unfolded at a sprawling conference hall of the Olympic stadium in Azerbaijan's capital Baku. Diplomats from nearly 200 countries, civil society representatives and journalists had gathered to witness a decision that could determine the fate of climate action in the Global South. But what transpired was far from routine -- it was a moment of diplomatic brinkmanship that left many stunned and India's delegation fuming. As the president of this year's UN climate conference, Mukhtar Babayev, approached the centrepiece agenda item -- the New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) on climate finance -- India's Deputy Lead Negotiator Neelesh Sah rushed to COP29 Lead Negotiator Yalchin Rafiyev to convey that the country wants to make a statement before the adoption of the contentious decision. Around 2:30 am, without so much as a pause for objections or comments, Babayev hammered the gavel, declaring the USD 300 billion climate-finance package adopted. The move was so swift, it left delegates from many developing countries blinking in disbelief. Avantika Goswami, head of the Climate Change Programme at the Centre for Science and Environment, said it happened "quite suddenly and unceremoniously". "We were surprised because the last-known figure on the table -- USD 300 billion -- was far below the latest G77 compromise of USD 500 billion. We also knew that India was preparing to interject in the process. The fact that it was passed before any such objections were raised came as a surprise," she said. Journalists witnessing the drama unfold in the plenary room saw the entire Indian delegation leap to their feet, making a timeout gesture. Sah dashed over to Rafiyev, exchanged a few words and returned to his seat, panting. Meanwhile, Babayev passed the microphone to Cuba for a statement, followed by India, Bolivia, Nigeria and Malawi, who spoke on behalf of a group of 45 least-developed countries. In total, 49 countries objected to the deal. In the UNFCCC process, one objection is enough to block a decision. However, India had no intention of blocking the deal and its outburst was about more than just the money. Delivering India's statement, Chandni Raina, Adviser at the Department of Economic Affairs, described the manner in which the deal was adopted as "unfair" and "stage-managed". Raina was scathing about the new climate-finance package, calling the meagre USD 300 billion a year by 2035 "too little and too distant". She labelled the sum "abysmally poor", "paltry" and an "optical illusion" -- a far cry from the USD 1 trillion developing countries need every year to cope with the warming world. Raina flagged three major issues for India in the deal -- paragraphs 8a, 8c and 9 of the agreement. Para 8a: This suggests that the USD 300 billion will come from all sorts of sources -- public, private, bilateral, multilateral -- and not directly as public money from developed to developing countries. Developing countries have long demanded grants or grant-equivalent funding, not loans that pile on debt. Many poorer nations already spend up to 10 per cent of their GDP on servicing debt. Paras 8c and 9: These allow developing countries' contributions -- whether through their funding to multilateral climate finance (MDBs) or their own bilateral climate finance -- to be voluntarily counted towards the USD 300 billion goal. Essentially, Global South countries might end up footing their own climate bills -- hardly the spirit of climate justice. Raina called it a "deflection" of developed nations' responsibilities. Questions have been raised as to why India did not mention these issues at the heads-of-delegation meeting on Saturday or earlier. To be clear, India had already articulated its concerns throughout the two-week conference. From high-level dialogues on just transition, pre-2030 ambition, climate finance and adaptation finance to the Mitigation Work Programme and its national statement, India has consistently made its case, aligning with the group of Like-Minded Developing Countries. A former negotiator familiar with the backroom drama told PTI that India's 11th-hour objection was not a tantrum -- it was a plea for fairness. India wanted more discussion, especially since the text -- with actual numbers -- only came out a day before adoption. "India was shown a figure of USD 300 billion in closed-door meetings on Saturday (November 23), but public documents still listed it as USD 250 billion. Understandably, India was nonplussed," the former negotiator said. To make matters worse, the COP29 presidency did not share how other countries had reacted to the USD 300 billion figure. India wanted to raise all these points before the decision was finalised, but the presidency did not give it the chance, the former negotiator explained. Another former negotiator pointed out that India's statement in the plenary hinted at its desire for a proper discussion on all these issues. If India and others had spoken before the decision, it might have delayed the agreement. India's actions suggest that it was not trying to derail the deal entirely, the negotiator added. Meanwhile, a civil society member was baffled by how two of the most vulnerable groups to climate change -- the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) and the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS) -- ended up accepting "such a bad deal" after staging a walkout just hours earlier. These groups had demanded USD 220 billion and USD 39 billion respectively from the total finance package. Most experts PTI spoke to believe that the shadow of the US presidential elections played a big role. "Countries were scared into thinking that next year's deal would be even worse. They felt cornered into accepting this one," said the first negotiator. An observer added that Brazil, set to host COP30, wanted to avoid inheriting a mess, while heavyweights like China and Saudi Arabia were busy safeguarding their interests -- they did not want to be officially recognised as climate-finance contributors. As the world turns its focus to the next climate summit in Brazil, one question lingers -- can meaningful progress be made if such critical decisions are seen as skewed against those most vulnerable to climate change?