| About |
| GFCCE 1 - Dar es Salaam in Tanzania in July 2022 |
| African Member Countries -18 |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
| Lesotho | Botswana | Cameroon | Cote d'lvoire |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
| Eswatini | Ethiopia | Ghana | Uganda |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
| Kenya | Namibia | Rwanda | Senegal |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
|
| Mozambique | South Africa | Tanzania | Zambia |
|
![]() |
||
| Zimbabwe | Madagascar |
| 14 Common Agenda for Action |
2. Separation (segregation) of waste at source
3. Redesign concessionaire agreement
4. Investing on behavior change communication
5. Optimizing cost on waste collection and transportation
6. Prioritizing decentralized approach
7. Integration of informal sector
8. Manage Bulk Waste Generators
9. Using Municipal Byelaw as a legal instrument to address segregation and home composting
10. Ban dumping of bio-degradable and combustible waste
11. Implement the “polluter pays” principle for plastic waste management
12. Impose landfill tax
13. Closure of existing dumpsites
14. Developing tools for setting up a baseline to rank the cities in the global south capacity building and systems development
| CSE Global Report |
BOTSWANA
| Demographic and Waste Profile | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Botswana's Strategy For Waste Management |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
CAMEROON
| Demographic and Waste Profile | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Policies, Guidelines, Strategies related to SWM In (CAMEROON) Waste Management Law Law No. 96/12 establishes the general legal framework for environmental management in Cameroon. It defines waste as any residue, substance, material, or property abandoned or destined for abandonment. The law mandates ecologically sound waste treatment to minimize harm to health and the environment. Document download National Strategy To Combat Plastic Pollution Cameroon's National Strategy to Combat Plastic Pollution (December 2022) addresses the inadequate implementation of plastic pollution regulations. It involves a consultative approach, including a SWOT analysis to define nine strategic axes to reduce plastic use, promote a circular economy, and enhance governance and financing. The strategy is aligned with the National Development Strategy 2030 (NDS30). Document download |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
CÔTE D'IVOIRE
| Demographic and Waste Profile | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Ministry of Sanitation (MINSAPAH) created 2020 leads. Ministry of Environment (MINEDD) regulates. Autonomous District of Abidjan with 13 Communes. Fourteen Districts, 31 Regions, 197 Communes. ANASUR (National Agency for Urban Cleanliness) implements major services. Prefects coordinate at district level. Mayors lead commune administration; Hygiene Services implement technical operations. Strong PPP model developed post-2014 sanitation crisis. Mbeubeuss-type landfill serves Abidjan. Bouaké, Daloa, Korhogo secondary cities. Major donor investment (World Bank, AFD). Rapid urbanization challenges. Growing waste-to-energy initiatives. Policies, Guidelines, Strategies related to SWM In (CÔTE D'IVOIRE ): Hygiene and Sanitation Code (Law No. 2023-899 of 23 Nov 2023) This law governs sanitation and hygiene practices, including waste handling and disposal standards for solid, liquid and gaseous waste. It sets responsibilities for institutions and waste producers, requiring proper collection, storage and elimination of waste through government-issued decrees. Document download National Waste Management Strategy (2002 and Updates) Côte d’Ivoire defined a National Waste Management Strategy to organise solid waste handling, improve collection, recycling and disposal practices, and engage public/private actors. It remains a policy guide for integrated municipal waste systems, despite gaps in implementation. Document download |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
ESWATINI
| Demographic and Waste Profile | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Policies, Guidelines, Strategies related to SWM In (ESWATINI) Kwaluseni Waste Survey Report (Eswatini) The Kwaluseni Waste Survey Report (Eswatini) details waste management in the Matsapha Industrial Town peri-urban area. It finds low waste collection efficiency (36%), resulting in 265 tonnes uncollected monthly. The unreliable system causes widespread illegal dumping and open burning. Food waste and plastic are the main waste streams. Document download The Waste Regulations 2000 Made under the Environmental Management Act, these regulations govern the management of solid and liquid waste, setting procedures for proper disposal, handling and control. They aim to reduce environmental harm, ensure responsible waste practices, and apply to both government and private sector waste operators. Document download |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
ETHIOPIA
| Demographic and Waste Profile | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Federal system with 10 Regional States and 2 Chartered Cities (Addis Ababa, Dire Dawa). Ministry of Urban Development (MUDC) and Ministry of Environment (MEFCC) oversee. Addis Ababa City Administration with 10 Sub-cities, 116 Woredas. Regional capital cities (Bahir Dar, Hawassa, Mekelle). Unique three-tier grassroots: Kebele (neighborhood) system provides community administration. Addis Ababa Cleaning Management Agency implements city services. Reppie waste-to-energy plant in Addis. MSEs and cooperatives strong in service delivery. Repi (Koshe) landfill rehabilitation ongoing. Green Legacy Initiative integrates waste management. Federal system with strong regional autonomy. Policies, Guidelines, Strategies related to SWM In (ETHIOPIA): Solid Waste Laws and Regulations This foundational federal law regulates the planning, collection, transportation, storage, recycling and disposal of solid waste in Ethiopia. It defines key waste terms, mandates community participation and private sector roles, and aims to prevent environmental damage while enhancing economic benefits of waste management. Document download |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
SENEGAL
| Demographic and Waste Profile | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Ministry of Environment and Ministry of Sanitation oversee. Dakar Metropolitan Area with 47 Communes d'arrondissement across 4 departments. Fourteen Regions, 45 Departments. ONAS (National Sanitation Office) implements. Mbeubeuss Landfill largest in West Africa serving Dakar. TEOM waste tax funds services through electricity bills. Strong PPP concessions with SETER and private operators. Mayor leads commune administration; Hygiene Departments implement services. Informal sector "Baye Fall" waste pickers significant. Set Setal community clean-up movement. Saint-Louis (UNESCO site) special tourism waste requirements. French administrative heritage. Policies, Guidelines, Strategies related to SWM In (SENEGAL): Environmental Code (Law No. 2023-15 of 2 August 2023) Senegal’s new Environmental Code provides a modernised legal framework for environmental protection, including waste management. It regulates waste generation, collection, transport, recycling and disposal to prevent pollution. The Code also integrates principles from regional agreements like the Bamako Convention to control hazardous and dangerous waste Law No. 2011-17 Establishing Waste Management Entities This law created a legal basis for structures managing waste services nationally, including responsibilities for sanitation and waste operations. It aimed to establish institutions to coordinate solid waste handling, though later reforms continue to build on this foundation. |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
| Demographic and Waste Profile | Political Map |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
MADAGASCAR
| Demographic and Waste Profile | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development with National Office for Environment (ONE) regulates. Ministry of Decentralization oversees local authorities. Antananarivo Renivohitra (capital) special status. 138 Urban Communes. SAMVA state company provides waste services in Antananarivo. Fokontany (1,693) provide grassroots neighborhood administration. Unique integration of traditional Fokonolona system and Dina local conventions. Andralanitra landfill serves capital with rehabilitation challenges. Strong donor presence (World Bank, AFD, JICA). Biodiversity protection priorities influence waste management. Limited municipal financial resources. Island nation challenges. Policies, Guidelines,Strategies related to SWM In (Madagascar): Law No. 90-033 – Environmental Charter Madagascar’s Environmental Charter sets out fundamental principles for environmental protection, including sustainable waste management. It defines strategic orientations for preventing pollution, encourages efficient waste systems across agricultural, industrial and household sectors, and guides authorities in implementing waste control measures to protect health and ecosystems. Document download Urban Sanitation Law (Law 95-035) In Antananarivo, Law 95-035 created the Service Autonome de Maintenance de la Ville d’Antananarivo (SAMVA) to manage sanitation, household garbage and waste collection. This framework supports municipal waste operations, regulation, transport and disposal in Madagascar’s capital. Document download |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
GHANA
| Demographic and Waste Profile | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Ministry of Sanitation and Water Resources (MSWR) leads national policy. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates. 261 Metropolitan, Municipal and District Assemblies (MMDAs) implement services: 6 Metropolitan, 56 Municipal, 154 District. Chief Executives lead assemblies with Coordinating Directors managing administration. Environmental Health Departments handle technical implementation. Zoomlion dominates private sector with nationwide coverage. Sanitation Levy (1.5% on electricity bills) funds services. Monthly National Sanitation Day mobilizes communities. Strong PPP model with private sector as primary service deliverer. Policies, Guidelines,Strategies related to SWM In (Ghana): Environmental Protection Agency Act 1994 (Act 490) This Act establishes the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and mandates it to regulate environmental management, including waste control. It empowers the EPA to set standards, issue permits, monitor compliance, and enforce regulations to prevent pollution and protect public health and natural ecosystems. Document download Local Governance Act 2016 (Act 936) The Act assigns Metropolitan, Municipal, and District Assemblies (MMDAs) responsibility for sanitation and solid waste management. It authorizes local authorities to organize collection services, regulate private operators, enact by-laws, and ensure environmentally sound waste disposal within their jurisdictions. Document download Environmental Sanitation Policy 2010 This policy provides strategic direction for integrated environmental sanitation, including solid and liquid waste management. It promotes waste reduction, recycling, public-private partnerships, and community participation, aiming to improve public health outcomes and enhance sustainable urban sanitation systems nationwide. Document download |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
KENYA
| Demographic and Waste Profile | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Devolved system under 47 County Governments per Constitution 2010. National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) regulates. Sustainable Waste Management Act 2022 establishes EPR framework. Four Cities (Nairobi, Mombasa, Kisumu, Nakuru), 61 Municipalities, 135 Towns. County Executive Committee Members for Environment provide political leadership; County Directors of Environment manage technical operations. Ward administrators coordinate local services. Mixed delivery with municipal, private, community, and growing informal sector integration. Nairobi Metropolitan Services coordinates capital city waste management. Policies, Guidelines,Strategies related to SWM In (Kenya): Waste management regulations 2024-Kenya This foundational environmental law provides the legal framework for waste management in Kenya. It empowers the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) to regulate waste handling, transport, storage, disposal, and pollution control. EMCA prohibits unsafe waste disposal and mandates licensing for hazardous and non-hazardous waste activities to protect health and the environment. Document download Sustainable Waste Management Act 2022 Enacted to create a comprehensive and modern legislative structure for waste management, this Act promotes sustainable and circular waste practices. It requires long-term waste planning, producer responsibility, recycling, and resource recovery. It supports the right to a clean environment and establishes institutional coordination for effective implementation. Document download |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
NAMIBIA
| Demographic and Waste Profile | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Tourism with Environmental Commissioner regulates. Ministry of Urban and Rural Development oversees local authorities. Two City Councils (Windhoek, Walvis Bay), 12 Municipalities, 22 Town Councils. Fourteen Regional Councils coordinate. Chief Executive Officers lead municipal administration; Environmental Health Divisions implement technical services. Rent-a-Drum major private operator nationwide. Environmental Investment Fund finances waste projects. Municipal direct service in core areas. Arid environment adaptations required. Kupferberg landfill serves Windhoek. Tourism areas (Swakopmund) require special waste management standards. Policies, Guidelines,Strategies related to SWM In (NAMIBIA): Environmental Management Act 7 of 2007 This principal environmental law establishes sustainable use and protection of natural resources, including waste management principles. It mandates environmental impact assessments for activities affecting the environment, promotes waste reduction, reuse, recycling, and controls waste generation through regulations and enforcement. It serves as Namibia’s main legal framework for environmental governance. Document download |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
RWANDA
| Demographic and Waste Profile | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Ministry of Environment with Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) regulates. City of Kigali special status. Six Secondary Cities (Muhanga, Rubavu, Musanze, Nyagatare, Rusizi, Huye). Thirty Districts with urban sectors. Mayor leads district administration; One Stop Centre for Environment implements services. Three-tier grassroots structure: Imirenge (416 Sectors), Utugari (2,148 Cells), Imidugudu (14,837 Villages). Umuganda monthly community clean-up mandatory. Strong cooperative model for waste collection. Nduba landfill serves Kigali. Cleanest city in Africa. High citizen participation culture. Growing recycling initiatives. Policies, Guidelines,Strategies related to SWM In (RAWANDA): National Integrated Solid Waste Management Strategy This national strategy guides sustainable solid waste management planning and implementation nationwide. It outlines roles for government authorities, private companies and communities to improve waste collection, disposal, recycling and resource recovery to enhance sanitation and environmental protection. Document download Ban on Plastic Bags and Single-Use Plastics Rwanda has national measures prohibiting manufacturing, importation, use and sale of plastic bags and certain single-use plastics. These laws aim to reduce plastic pollution, promote recycling and support cleaner environments through enforcement by REMA and other authorities. Document download |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
MOZAMBIQUE
| Demographic and Waste Profile | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Ministry of Land and Environment with National Environment Quality Control Agency (AQUA) regulates. Ministry of Public Works oversees sanitation. 53 Municipalities including Maputo (special status), Matola, Beira, Nampula. Provincial Directorates coordinate. Municipal Directors lead administration; Urban Hygiene Departments implement technical services. SAMVA state company serves Maputo. AIAS implements infrastructure projects. Municipal direct service with growing PPPs. Cyclone-prone coastal cities require resilient systems. Marranguene landfill serves Greater Maputo. Donor-dependent funding (World Bank, AfDB). Portuguese administrative heritage influences structure. Policies, Guidelines,Strategies related to SWM In (Mozambique): Decree No. 94/2014 – Regulation on Urban Solid Waste Management This regulation governs the management of urban solid waste throughout the country. It sets rules for waste generation, collection, transportation, treatment, recycling, reuse, and disposal, applying to both public and private actors involved in solid waste management to protect environmental and human health. Constitution & Environment Law (Law No. 20/97) Mozambique’s Environment Law (Law No. 20/97) provides the foundational legal framework for environmental protection, including waste management and pollution control. It establishes principles for sustainable development, regulates the use of natural resources, and enables the creation of specific waste regulations to safeguard public health and ecosystems. |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
| Demographic and Waste Profile | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Three-sphere cooperative governance system. Department of Forestry, Fisheries and Environment (DFFE) regulates through Waste Management Bureau. Eight Metropolitan Municipalities (Category A), 44 District Municipalities (Category C), 205 Local Municipalities (Category B). Department of Cooperative Governance (COGTA) oversees local government. Municipal Managers lead administration; Waste Management Departments implement services. Strong private sector (Waste Mart, EnviroServ). Extended Producer Responsibility schemes for packaging, e-waste, lighting, batteries. Ward Committees facilitate community engagement. Advanced regulatory framework under Waste Act 2008. Policies, Guidelines,Strategies related to SWM In (SOUTH AFRICA ) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
TANZANIA
| Demographic and Waste Profile | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Devolved system under the President's Office - Regional Administration and Local Government (PO-RALG) supervising 6 Cities, 22 Municipalities, and 96 Towns across 31 regions. National Environment Management Council (NEMC) regulates environmental standards. Municipal Directors lead council administration with Health and Environment Departments implementing waste services. Mtaa grassroots system provides neighborhood-level coordination. Service delivery mixes municipal direct labor, private contractors, community organizations, and emerging PPPs. Dar es Salaam operates special cleansing department managing Pugu landfill. Funding combines local revenue, central grants, and donor support. Policies, Guidelines, Strategies related to SWM In (Tanzania) Environmental Management Act 2004 - The principal environmental law providing the legal framework for pollution control, waste management, environmental impact assessment (EIA), and enforcement through the National Environment Management Council (NEMC). Document download Environmental Management (Solid Waste Management) Regulations 2009 - Specifically regulates solid waste handling, storage, transportation, treatment, and disposal. It assigns responsibilities to local government authorities and promotes waste minimization and recycling. Document download |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
UGANDA
| Demographic and Waste Profile | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Ministry of Water and Environment with National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) regulates. Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA) holds special status. 15 Cities, 41 Municipalities, 135 Town Councils. District Local Governments coordinate oversight. Town Clerks lead council administration; Health and Environment Departments implement technical services. Divisional administrations in larger cities provide localized coordination. Village/cell level facilitates grassroots mobilization. Mixed service delivery with municipal direct labor, private contractors, PPPs, and community organizations. Kiteezi landfill serves Kampala. Donor funding supports infrastructure development. Policies, Guidelines,Strategies related to SWM In (UGANDA): National Environment (Waste Management) Regulations 2020 These regulations under the National Environment Act specifically govern waste handling, segregation, transport, treatment, disposal, and landfill management. They include provisions for hazardous and medical waste, require proper waste classification, and set responsibilities for local governments and producers to ensure environmentally sound waste practices Document download National Environment Act This foundational environmental law provides the legal framework for managing the environment, including waste control. It establishes the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) to regulate pollution, enforce environmental standards, and oversee strategies for sustainable waste management across all sectors to protect public health and ecosystems. Document download |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
LESOTHO
| Demographic and Waste Profile | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Centralized governance under Ministry of Local Government with Maseru City Council and 11 Urban Councils. Ministry of Environment regulates through Department of Environment. District Administrators coordinate regional oversight. Town Clerks manage council operations while Department of Health and Environment implements technical services. Unique Four-Pillar Strategy combines municipal direct service, community contracting, private leases, and volunteer community days. Councils depend on 90% central government funding with limited fiscal autonomy. Ward Councilors and traditional authorities mobilize community participation. Policies, Guidelines, Strategies related to SWM In (Lesotho): Environment act, 2008 The Environment Act 2008 establishes the legal framework for environmental protection and sustainable development in Lesotho. It mandates environmental impact assessments, pollution control, and waste management regulation. The Act empowers authorities to enforce compliance, promote conservation of natural resources, and ensure that development activities minimize adverse environmental and public health impacts. Document download |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
ZAMBIA
| Demographic and Waste Profile | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Ministry of Green Economy and Environment with Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA) regulates. Four City Councils (Lusaka, Ndola, Kitwe, Livingstone), 15 Municipalities, 76 District Councils. Provincial Local Government Officers coordinate. Town Clerks lead council administration; Public Health Departments implement technical services. Council direct labor dominates core areas. Community-Based Enterprises serve peri-urban settlements. Copperbelt mining towns face legacy waste challenges. Chunga landfill serves Lusaka with operational constraints. Limited treatment infrastructure outside major cities. Growing private sector participation.
Policies, Guidelines, Strategies related to SWM In (Lesotho): Lusaka Solid Waste Management Improvement Plan (SWMIP) 2022-2026 The National Solid Waste Management Act establishes the National Solid Waste Management Authority in Jamaica. The Act regulates solid waste management, requiring licenses for disposal operations and services, and includes provisions for financial assurance, recycling, litter control, offenses, penalties, enforcement, and appeals. Document download The Solid Waste Regulation and Management Act 2018 The Solid Waste Regulation and Management Act, 2018 (Zambia) provides the legal framework for sustainable solid waste management. It mandates local authorities and solid waste management companies to manage waste, establishes licensing for service providers and facility permits, and regulates tariffs and enforcement, viewing waste as a resource. Document download |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
ZIMBABWE
| Demographic and Waste Profile | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Ministry of Environment, Climate, Tourism and Hospitality Industry with Environmental Management Agency (EMA) regulates. Two Metropolitan Councils (Harare, Bulawayo), 7 Municipalities, 24 Town Councils, 15 Local Boards. Provincial Affairs Ministers coordinate. Town Clerks lead council administration; Health Services Departments implement technical services. Council direct labor faces resource constraints. Cooperative enterprises emerging. Pomona dumpsite serves Harare; Gwabalanda landfill serves Bulawayo. Economic challenges affect equipment maintenance. Significant informal sector recycling. Victoria Falls tourism area requires special waste management. Growing PPP initiatives.
Policies, Guidelines, Strategies related to SWM In (ZIMBAWE) National Solid Waste Management Act Zimbawe The National Solid Waste Management Act establishes the National Solid Waste Management Authority in Jamaica. The Act regulates solid waste management, requiring licenses for disposal operations and services, and includes provisions for financial assurance, recycling, litter control, offenses, penalties, enforcement, and appeals. Document download The Environmental Management Act The Environmental Management Act (Chapter 20:27) of Zimbabwe establishes the legal framework for environmental protection, natural resource management, and pollution control. It creates the Environmental Management Agency (EMA), the National Environment Council (NEC), and the Environment Fund. The Act covers environmental quality standards, impact assessments, waste, and pollution control. Document download |
|||||||||||||||||||||||



















