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Cse In News

Delhi: यमुना सफाई योजना को फिर से शुरू करने की जरूरत, सिर्फ धन से नहीं होगा काम

: पांच वर्षों में 6,800 करोड़ पये से अधिक खर्च करने और अपने सीवेज इंफ्रास्ट्रर का विस्तार करने के बावजूद, दिल्ली यमुना के उस हिस्से को पुनर्जीवित करने में विफल रही है, जो जैविक प से मृत है। सेंटर फॉर साइंस एंड एनवायरनमेंट (सीएसई) की नई रिपोर्ट, यमुना: द एजेंडा फॉर क्लीनिंग द रिवर, शहर की नदी-सफाई रणनीति में बुनियादी बदलाव की मांग करती है, जिसमें बुनियादी ढांचे के विस्तार से लेकर बेहतर शासन और योजना बनाने पर जोर दिया गया है। रिपोर्ट में निवेश और भाव के बीच एक परेशान करने वाले अंतर को उजागर किया गया है। दिल्ली में 37 सीवेज ट्री टमेंट प्लांट (एसटीपी) हैं, जो कथित तौर पर इसके 84% अपशि जल को कवर करते हैं, और लगभग 80% घर सीवर सिम से जुड़े हैं। फिर भी, दिल्ली में नदी का 22 किलोमीटर लंबा हिस्सा पुनर्जीवित होने का कोई संकेत नहीं देता है। सीएसई की महानिदेशक सुनीता नारायण ने कहा कि यास भले ही अच्छे इरादे से किए गए हों, हों लेकिन वे परिणाम नहीं दे पाए हैं। उन्होंनेन्हों नेकहा, "मृत यमुना न केवल नागरिक विफलता है, बल्कि दिल्ली और उसके आस-पास के शहरों के लिए जल सुरक्षा को भी खतरे में डालती है।" उन्होंनेन्हों नेएक नए ष्टिकोण की मांग की, जो पैसे से परे हो और अधिक भावी नियोजन को अपनाए। रिपोर्ट में तीन महपूर्ण कमियों की पहचान की गई है। सबसे पहले, पुरानी जनसंख्या के आंकड़ों और अनौपचारिक जल उपयोग के कारण दिल्ली में अपशि जल उत्पादन पर विसनीय डेटा का अभाव है।

Save The River : दिल्ली के 22 किलोमीटर हिस्से से यमुना 80 फीसदी प्रदूषित, सीएसई की नई रिपोर्ट में खुलासा

सरकारी व्यवस्था और सीवेज इंफ्रास्ट्रक्चर के विस्तार के बावजूद यमुना देश की सबसे प्रदूषित नदियों में से एक है। दिल्ली में इस समस्या से निपटने के तरीके में बुनियादी बदलाव करने का समय आ गया है। दिल्ली-एनसीआर में यमुना की सफाई के लिए कार्य एजेंडा को बदलने की जरूरत है। बृहस्पतिवार को इंडिया हैबिटेट सेंटर स्थित थिंक टैंक सेंटर फॉर साइंस एंड एनवायरनमेंट (सीएसई) की महानिदेशक सुनीता नारायण ने एक प्रेस वार्ता में यह बातें कही। उन्होंने यमुना से जुड़ी एक नई रिपोर्ट, यमुना: नदी की सफाई का एजेंडा पेश की। सुनीता नारायण ने कहा कि यमुना की सफाई की समस्या कोई नई नहीं है। पिछले कुछ वर्षों में इस पर बड़ी मात्रा में धन खर्च किया गया है। साथ ही, कई योजनाएं शुरू की और उन्हें क्रियान्वित किया गया है। नदी की सफाई का एजेंडा महत्वपूर्ण है, क्योंकि मृत यमुना न केवल शहर और हमारे लिए शर्म की बात है। बल्कि इससे दिल्ली के साथ-साथ नीचे के शहरों को भी स्वच्छ जल उपलब्ध कराने का बोझ बढ़ जाता है। नई रिपोर्ट में एक विस्तृत मूल्यांकन और पांच-सूत्री कार्य योजना जारी की है, जिसमें नीति निर्माताओं से प्राथमिकताओं को फिर से निर्धारित करने और अधिक लक्षित, डाटा-संचालित दृष्टिकोण अपनाने का आग्रह किया गया है। 22 किलोमीटर लंबा हिस्सा नदी को 80 प्रतिशत करता है प्रदूषित रिपोर्ट में बताया गया कि दिल्ली में यमुना का 22 किलोमीटर लंबा हिस्सा है, जो नदी बेसिन की कुल लंबाई का बामुश्किल 2 प्रतिशत है। वह पूरी नदी में प्रदूषण के 80 प्रतिशत से अधिक हिस्से का योगदान देता है। साल में लगभग नौ महीने नदी में पानी नहीं होता है, इसमें जो बहता है वह दिल्ली के 22 नालों से निकलने वाला मल और कचरा है। रिपोर्ट के अनुसार, वजीराबाद में यमुना का अस्तित्व समाप्त हो जाता है। इसके अलावा, रिपोर्ट में यह भी खुलासा किया गया कि 2017 से 2022 के बीच चार साल में दिल्ली सरकार ने यमुना की सफाई पर 6,856 करोड़ रुपये से अधिक खर्च किए। मौजूदा समय में 37 सीवेज ट्रीटमेंट प्लांट हैं, जिनकी क्षमता 80-100 प्रतिशत से अधिक सीवेज को साफ करने की है। यही नहीं, शहर का लगभग 80 प्रतिशत हिस्सा सीवर लाइनों से जुड़ा हुआ है। यमुना को साफ करने के लिए पांच बिंदू सीएसई ने एक पांच-आयामी रणनीति का प्रस्ताव रखा जो बुनियादी ढांचे के विस्तार से ध्यान हटाकर बेहतर प्रशासन और योजना पर केंद्रित है। इसमें मल-गाद को उपचार श्रृंखला में शामिल करना, गंदे नालों में उपचारित जल का बहाव रोकना, उपचारित जल का अधिकतम पुनः उपयोग करना, एसटीपी को उन्नत करना और सबसे खराब नालों को निशाना बनाने की जरूरत है।

CSE highlights paradox in Delhi’s river-cleaning efforts

Despite substantial Government investment and an expanding sewage infrastructure, the Yamuna remains one of India’s most polluted rivers. A new analysis ‘Titled Yamuna: The Agenda for Cleaning the River’, released by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), highlights the paradox at the heart of Delhi’s river-cleaning efforts. Between 2017 and 2022, the Delhi government spent more than `6,856 crore to clean the Yamuna. The city now boasts 37 sewage treatment plants (STPs), claiming the capacity to handle 84 per cent of its wastewater, with nearly 80 per cent of households connected to the sewer network. Yet, the 22-kilometre stretch of the Yamuna that runs through Delhi remains biologically dead. The report said officials must ensure that tankers collecting faecal sludge from areas without sewer connections do not dump it into drains or the river. The 22-kilometre stretch of the Yamuna between Wazirabad and Okhla in Delhi, less than 2 per cent of the river’s total length, accounts for 80 per cent of its pollution load. The main reasons for the pollution are untreated wastewater from unauthorised colonies and slum clusters and the poor quality of treated water from STPs and common effluent treatment plants (CETPs). Delhi, with its 37 sewage treatment plants (STPs) of 3,033 MLD, has the capacity to treat over 84 per cent of the generated sewage, estimated at 3,600 MLD. Of the installed capacity, some 2,574 MLD is being utilized — roughly 85 per cent. In other words, over 70 per cent of the generated wastewater is now being treated, which is a marked improvement over the last decade. According to the Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC), the 37 STPs in Delhi have a total capacity of 3,474 MLD, about 96 per cent of the sewage generated. However, these plants are currently operating at only 80 per cent of their capacity, treating just 2,777 MLD. The remaining sewage flows untreated into the Yamuna. Of the treated water, only around 1,960 MLD meets the required quality standards, that is, the biological oxygen demand (BOD) and total suspended solids (TSS) levels should be below 10 milligrams per litre. The report called for a fresh plan for the Najafgarh and Shahdara drains, which together contribute 84 per cent of the river’s pollution load in Delhi. The report notes that Delhi does not have accurate figures on how much wastewater it generates, largely due to outdated population data and the informal use of water through borewells and private tankers. Without this information, it’s difficult to design a system that matches actual waste output. Large areas of Delhi are not connected to sewers and rely on desludging tankers to remove faecal waste. However, these tankers often dump untreated sludge into drains or directly into the river. There is currently no comprehensive regulation or tracking mechanism to ensure that sludge is transported to treatment plants. According to the 2019 report of the River Rejuvenation Committee, out of the 900 MLD that was planned to be intercepted, roughly half had been completed by 2019 — 400 MLD. By 2024, it was claimed that 800 MLD is now being intercepted, but it is not clear how much of this is from the six packages for the key drains. This is also when pollution load has continued to increase in both Najafgarh and Shahdara, which clearly suggests that there is an urgent need to review and rework the plan. CSE director general Sunita Narain said all such tankers should be fitted with GPS trackers to make sure the sludge is taken to sewage treatment plants (STPs) for proper treatment and reuse. She added that untreated water from unsewered areas should be treated near the river before being released. Narain also said that one of the biggest problems in cleaning the Yamuna is the lack of clear data on the city’s population, which makes it difficult to know if the current treatment capacity is sufficient.Narain said the Delhi Government spent more than `6,856 crore on Yamuna-cleaning projects between 2017 and 2022.Despite this, the river remains polluted and dirty. Cleaning the Yamuna will take more than just money. It needs a new and improved plan, she said. For areas not connected to the sewer system, Narain said the government does not need to invest in expensive pipelines, as managing faecal sludge through tankers is quicker and more affordable.She also said that STP standards should be set with water reuse in mind, as large investments needed to upgrade the plants to meet the stricter discharge standards delays the cleaning work.

Yamuna cleaning: Faecal sludge to free flow, CSE report charts new course

The Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), a Delhi-based research and advocacy group, released a comprehensive report on Thursday that calls for immediate and systemic reforms to revive the heavily polluted Yamuna river. The report titled ‘Yamuna: The Agenda for Cleaning the River’ emphasises the need to collect and treat all faecal sludge from non-sewered areas. It recommends reworking strategies for the Najafgarh and Shahdara drains, which contribute a staggering 84% of the pollution load into the river. Highlighting inefficiencies in current sewage treatment practices, the CSE criticises the discharge of treated water into drains that are already polluted with untreated waste, rendering the treatment process ineffective. “Each sewage treatment plant (STP) must plan not just how it will treat, but also how it will discharge treated effluents,” the report notes. It also calls for an increase in river flow to improve the river’s ability to assimilate waste. This could involve reducing water intake, enhancing storage, and directly discharging clean, treated water into the river. The report raises concerns about unchecked industrial pollution, particularly from units operating in unauthorised areas beyond regulatory oversight. CSE Director General Sunita Narain stated that despite years of investment and legal pressure, the river shows no sign of improvement. “The agenda for cleaning the river is critical as a ‘dead Yamuna’ is not just a matter of shame, it also adds to the burden of providing clean water to Delhi as well as to the cities downstream,” Ms. Narain said. “We must realise that cleaning the Yamuna will require much more than money. It will need a reworked plan which will guide us towards thinking and acting differently,” she added. Faecal coliform levels, an indicator of sewage contamination, remain alarmingly high, said the report, which likens the river to a “sewage canal.”

Delhi’s Yamuna-cleaning plan needs reset, not just money: Report

As the Delhi government renews efforts to clean the Yamuna, a new report released on Thursday by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) has urged a fundamental shift in approach, warning that the continued mixing of treated and untreated wastewater in drains is undermining progress. The analysis highlights a critical gap in the city’s wastewater management: the improper disposal of faecal sludge from areas without sewer connections. CSE director general Sunita Narain stressed that septic tank waste collected by private tankers must not be dumped into open drains or the river. Instead, all sludge tankers should be fitted with GPS trackers to ensure they deliver waste to sewage treatment plants (STPs) for proper treatment and potential reuse. Narain further recommended that wastewater from unsewered neighbourhoods be treated locally near the river before being discharged. A major obstacle to effective river-cleaning efforts, she noted, is the absence of accurate data on Delhi’s population. This makes it difficult to assess whether the city’s existing sewage treatment infrastructure is adequate. A mere 22-kilometre stretch of the Yamuna between Wazirabad and Okhla—less than 2% of the river’s total length—carries a staggering 80% of its pollution load. This is largely due to the inflow of untreated sewage from unauthorised colonies and slum clusters, as well as subpar output from both STPs and common effluent treatment plants (CETPs). According to the Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC), the city generates 3,600 million litres per day (MLD) of sewage. While the 37 STPs across the capital have a combined capacity of 3,474 MLD, only 2,777 MLD is currently being treated—about 80% of their capacity. Of this, merely 1,960 MLD meets the required effluent quality norms for biological oxygen demand (BOD) and total suspended solids (TSS), both of which should be below 10 mg/litre. Between 2017 and 2022, the Delhi government spent over ₹6,856 crore on initiatives aimed at cleaning the Yamuna. Yet the river remains heavily polluted. “Money alone is not enough,” Narain said. “What we need is a new and effective plan.” She argued that in unsewered areas, managing faecal sludge through tankers is not only quicker but also more cost-effective than laying down new sewer lines. Additionally, Narain urged that STP standards should prioritise water reuse. She warned that pushing for stricter discharge norms without considering reuse potential could delay progress due to the high costs of plant upgrades. The report also called for urgent, revised plans for the Najafgarh and Shahdara drains, which together contribute 84% of the Yamuna’s pollution load within Delhi.

CSE report urges comprehensive plan to clean Yamuna river

The Centre for Science and Environment released an agenda report on cleaning the Yamuna in Delhi on Thursday. It suggests that the authorities accept the reality of missing data, reset the current plan and explore a different approach, including curbing the contamination of the Najafgarh and Shahdara drains. Sunita Narain, director general, CSE, pointed out that while the 22km stretch of the Yamuna in Delhi was merely 2 per cent of the total river, this portion accounted for 80 per cent of the pollution in the river. Though she appreciated the attention the Yamuna was getting, including of the Prime Minister, Narain noted several lacunae in the current plan. She said that while there were 22 drains with outfalls in the river, the Najafgarh and Shahdara drains were responsible for 84 per cent of the total pollution in Delhi.

Reset the action agenda for cleaning the Yamuna in Delhi-NCR — says CSE

In the four years between 2017 and 2022, the Delhi government spent more than Rs 6,856 crore on cleaning the Yamuna. Delhi now has 37 sewage treatment plants with a capacity to treat over 80-100 per cent of the generated sewage, and almost 80 per cent of the city is connected to sewer lines. In spite of all this, why does the Yamuna continue to run polluted and unclean? A new assessment by Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), released here today at a press briefing, attempts to unravel this mystery and offer an action plan that will work. Yamuna: The Agenda for Cleaning the River – as the assessment report is titled – says: “The 22-km stretch of the Yamuna in Delhi, barely 2 per cent of the total length of the river basin, contributes over 80 per cent of the pollution load in the entire river. There is no water in the river for almost nine months in a year – what flows in it is just sewage and waste from Delhi’s 22 drains. The Yamuna ceases to exist after it enters Delhi at Wazirabad.” Speaking at the press briefing, CSE director general Sunita Narain said: “The problem of cleaning the Yamuna is not a new one; huge amounts of money have been spent over the years, plans have been initiated and carried out. The agenda for cleaning the river is critical as a ‘dead Yamuna’ is not just a matter of shame for the city and for us – it also adds to the burden of providing clean water to Delhi as well as to the cities downstream.”

84 प्रतिशत प्रदूषण के लिए नजफगढ़ और शाहदरा नाले जिम्मेदार

राजधानी दिल्ली में यमुना नदी के प्रदूषण के प्रमुख कारणों में नजफगढ़ और शाहदरा नाले का प्रमुख योगदान है। पर्यावरण एवं विज्ञान केन्द्र (सीएसई) की गुरुवार को जारी रिपोर्ट में यह जानकारी सामने आई। रिपोर्ट के अनुसार, ये दोनों नाले यमुना में 84 प्रतिशत तक प्रदूषण के लिए जिम्मेदार हैं। सीएसई की महानिदेशक सुनीता नारायण ने कहा कि यमुना की सफाई के लिए दिल्ली सरकार ने 2017 से 2022 तक 6856 करोड़ रुपये खर्च किए हैं, फिर भी प्रदूषण की स्थिति में कोई विशेष सुधार नहीं हुआ। रिपोर्ट में यह भी बताया गया कि दिल्ली के 22 किलोमीटर के यमुना हिस्से का प्रदूषण पूरे नदी के प्रदूषण का 80 प्रतिशत योगदान देता है, हालांकि यह हिस्सा नदी की कुल लंबाई का मात्र दो प्रतिशत है। सीएसई की रिपोर्ट के अनुसार, इस हिस्से के प्रदूषण में प्रमुख कारण नालों का गंदा पानी है, जिसे नदियों में छोड़ा जा रहा है। मल-मूत्र टैंकरों की निगरानी रिपोर्ट में यह भी उजागर हुआ है कि दिल्ली में जहां सीवर लाइन नहीं हैं, वहां सेप्टेज टैंक से मल-मूत्र को टैंकरों द्वारा नाले में गिरा दिया जाता है। सीएसई ने इस पर सुझाव दिया है कि इन टैंकरों पर जीपीएस लगा कर उन्हें निगरानी में रखा जाए, ताकि प्रदूषित जल को सही तरीके से उपचारित किया जा सके। उपचारित पानी का सही उपयोग सीएसई ने यह भी बताया कि सीवेज ट्रीटमेंट प्लांट से उपचारित पानी का सही तरीके से उपयोग नहीं किया जा रहा है। इस पानी को नालों में छोड़ा जा रहा है, जबकि इसे सीधे यमुना में डालने से नदी की स्थिति में सुधार हो सकता है।

Feel the burn: The nature of the heat we face is changing. What should you expect this summer?

Have you stepped out of a cooled car recently and felt like your clothes were on fire? This is the result of what meteorologists call “oppressive” heat: high temperatures paired with high humidity. An oppressive heatwave is a step up, in intensity, from an extreme heatwave, says Subhankar Karmakar, a professor with the Environmental Science and Engineering Department and the Centre for Climate Studies at the Indian Institute of Technology-Bombay (IIT-B). As we know by now, when humidity rises, it makes it harder for the human body to cool — because sweat cannot evaporate as easily. “Extreme heatwave conditions are uncomfortable and dangerous, but at least there’s the opportunity for sweat to cool the human body, since humidity isn’t high,” Karmakar says. “Oppressive heatwaves can quickly turn fatal. They have a higher correlation with heat-stress-related deaths.” According to 2024 data from the think-tank Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), five of India’s six megacities (barring Bengaluru) have seen average relative humidity in summer (March-August) rise by 5% to 10%. That’s across Delhi, Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai and Hyderabad. Over the last 13 summers, Hyderabad has been 10% more humid on average than it was in 2001-10. Delhi has been 8% more humid. Mumbai, 7%, and Kolkata and Chennai 5% more humid on average. Interestingly, both Delhi and Hyderabad are in some of the driest climatic zones in India. Where, then, is the moisture coming from? How much of it has to do with our activity, the fallout of urban heat islands, and even air-conditioning directly? Read on for more on this. A family at a misting spot in China, amid the 2022 heatwave. (Getty Images) A family at a misting spot in China, amid the 2022 heatwave. (Getty Images) Meanwhile, back at IIT-B, Karmakar, working alongside professor Subimal Ghosh and doctoral researchers Naveen Sudharsan and Anokha Shilin, is in the process of tallying actual oppressive heatwave days in India. The number of such days is rising, driven by rising temperatures and delayed or weak monsoons and by the density of urbanisation and shrinking green spaces, Karmakar says. Preliminary results suggest that oppressive heatwaves are expanding both in frequency and geographic extent across the country — and these trends are projected to worsen as global temperatures approach and exceed 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. (A marker that, by some accounts, has already been crossed.) Getting word out There’s an issue with talking about the dangers of heat. Too much of the time, no one’s buying it. Between an overwhelming sense that “we’ve dealt with this before” and the idea of a warm day as a good thing (torrential rain is a problem; ice and snow are problems; what’s a little heat, right?), governments are hitting literal red alert in efforts to be heard. In India, heatwaves have been colour-coded since 2017, based on the action required: green is a normal day (no action required); yellow is tolerable (but a point of concern for vulnerable populations such as seniors and people with comorbidities); orange is severe (avoid exposure, stay cool, hydrate); and red is extreme (be very cautious, venture outdoors only if you must). Yellow, orange and red alerts typically come with cautionary messages, particularly for vulnerable populations.But the alerts only go out from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) to arms of the government. It is up to the media and local governing bodies to take the message to the people. In Europe, where a heatwave in 2003 killed 70,000 — nearly 15,000 of those in France alone — some governments are no longer waiting for this kind of multi-link chain to take effect. France has a government-run heat map app that pings if the users are in a high-temperature zone, and can tell them what to do to stay safe, and guide them to the nearest “cool island”. Seville in Spain and Athens in Greece have started naming and ranking heatwaves so people have a clearer sense of how serious each one is, and so that a graded emergency response can follow. Weather bureaus in these cities consider air temperature as well as humidity, sea-level pressure, cloud cover, solar radiation and wind speed, among other factors, when assigning these grades. Seville is naming heatwaves too, in an effort to make the threat as real as it would be with, say, a hurricane. The US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) also factors in heat, relative humidity and wind speed, when announcing heatwaves in the US. IMD, in a significant drawback, still relies only on temperature. It declares a heatwave when the maximum temperature at a weather station reaches 40 degrees Celsius in the plains, 37 degrees Celsius at the coasts, and 30 degrees Celsius in hilly regions and stays at least 4.5 degrees Celsius above normal for two consecutive days. “In India, we are still primarily focusing on extreme temperature thresholds, rather than explicitly incorporating humidity-driven heat stress,” Karmakar says. “So, we’re potentially underestimating heat risks.” Construction workers in Gurugram. We don’t know the true toll of our heatwaves. ‘Many deaths occur outside the formal medical system, particularly among outdoor workers, the homeless and rural communities,’ says Apekshita Varshney, founder of the NGO HeatWatch. (HT Archives) Construction workers in Gurugram. We don’t know the true toll of our heatwaves. ‘Many deaths occur outside the formal medical system, particularly among outdoor workers, the homeless and rural communities,’ says Apekshita Varshney, founder of the NGO HeatWatch. (HT Archives) Night sweats Meanwhile, partly because of the rising humidity levels, our megacities aren’t cooling; not even at night. All six megacities — Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Kolkata, Chennai and Hyderabad — have recorded a rise in nighttime relative humidity in summer, nullifying the fall in air temperatures in certain areas, notes the 2024 report by CSE. “A web of climatic, urban and anthropogenic factors are contributing to the rise of relative humidity across our cities,” says Sharanjeet Kaur, programme officer at CSE and co-author of the report. “Rapid urbanisation and the expansion of built-up areas contribute significantly to heat retention, triggering the urban heat island effect (UHI). The UHI, in turn, intensifies local humidity levels — because warm air can hold more moisture; cool air reaches a saturation point faster. Additionally, cooling systems such as ACs and cooling towers release both heat and moisture into the surrounding atmosphere, intensifying this effect.” The situation is compounded by dense infrastructure, which restricts natural ventilation and limits the dispersion of moisture. “The increase in built-up area has altered the natural thermal balance,” Kaur says. “Concrete and asphalt also absorb heat more during the day than earth, and release it slowly at night, contributing to persistently high nighttime temperatures.” How bad is it? Where Delhi’s summer nighttime temperatures typically fell by 12.31 degrees Celsius between 2001 and 2010, they have fallen by an average of 11.2 degrees Celsius since 2014. Mumbai nighttime temperatures typically fell by 10.22 degrees Celsius between 2001 and 2010, and have fallen by about 7.8 degrees Celsius since 2014. In Bengaluru and Chennai, there was generally an 11.90 degrees Celsius and 10.17 degrees Celsius fall respectively. Now, the drop stands at 10.1 degrees Celsius and 9.7 degrees Celsius respectively, on average. “People get little chance to recover from daytime heat slaughter if temperatures remain high overnight, exerting prolonged stress on the body,” the study notes. The same is true for plants, birds and animals. Without adequate cooling at night, they too struggle to recover, leading to greater heat stress over time, and a weakening of systems. This can range from higher respiration rates, poor growth and reduced yields in flora, to altered behaviours and disruptions in migration patterns in fauna. We don’t know the toll India’s data-gathering systems haven’t fully caught up to the problem. Between March and July 2024, for instance, India reported 48,156 suspected cases of heat stroke, 269 suspected deaths and 161 confirmed deaths, says a December 2024 report released by the National Programme on Climate Change & Human Health (NPCCHH). HeatWatch, an Indian non-profit organisation, found that across 17 states, there were at least 733 confirmed deaths within the same timeframe. The government data needs improvement, in terms of coverage, says HeatWatch founder Apekshita Varshney. On average, 55% of public health facilities submitted data on cases of heat distress and death in 2024, up from 23% in 2023, according to the NPCCHH report. Clearly, gaps remain and that means we do not know the true toll of this threat. In the most glaring instance of missing data, “many deaths occur outside the formal medical system, particularly among outdoor workers, the homeless and rural communities,” Varshney says. “There’s also a lack of standardisation when it comes to identifying, categorising and confirming heatstroke and heat-related deaths.” We need to update our definitions The National Disaster Management Act of 2005 does not currently classify heatwaves as a notified disaster. This will need to change, to unlock more funding for mitigation and relief efforts (the kinds of efforts we currently see with notified disasters such as floods and cyclones). Certain states — Tamil Nadu, Odisha, Kerala, Uttar Pradesh and Telangana — have notified heatwaves as a disaster at the state level. But NDMA notification alone won’t be enough, Varshney says. “There needs to be a better, clearer blueprint of coordination between state officials, municipalities, district administrations and health departments, before, during and after heatwave conditions.” For now, the very definition of a heatwave in India is holding things back. In addition to accounting only for heat — not even for humidity — the IMD parameters of 40 degrees Celsius for the plains, 37 degrees Celsius for the coasts and 30 degrees Celsius for the hills are too narrow. “We need to start accounting for a wider range of local thresholds, and for changes from historic temperature and humidity levels,” says Karmakar of IIT-B. Across most of India, dangerous heat begins well before official thresholds are crossed, he adds. Our current view on heat continues to misrepresent this, leaving vulnerable populations —including outdoor workers, the urban poor, children, the elderly and people with comorbidities — exposed, unprotected and perhaps most vitally, uninformed. Data and definitions are all very well. What else can we do? Nine Indian cities — Delhi, Mumbai, Bengaluru, Kota, Ludhiana, Meerut, Faridabad, Gwalior and Surat — are likely to face the sharpest immediate spikes in heat, indicates a study conducted by the independent research organisation Sustainable Futures Collaborative (SFC). All nine cities are reportedly working on short-term emergency measures, but not adequately on long-term ones. The former include access to drinking water, staggering or changing work schedules, boosting hospital capacity, setting up cooling centres, sprinkling water on roads, and distributing oral rehydration solution (ORS) packs. What’s missing? Long-term measures — such as making cooling systems more easily available; developing an insurance plan for work days and daily wages lost to heat stress; expanding fire management services; retrofitting electricity grids to maintain distribution — are either missing or poorly targeted, the report states. “Expansion of local weather stations for more granular data on heat variation within a city, mapping urban heat islands, and training heat plan implementers were only seen in some cities. Other actions like expansion of urban shade and green cover, the creation of open spaces that dissipate heat, and the deployment of rooftop solar that could help with active cooling, among others, were implemented without adequate attention to populations and areas that experience the greatest heat risk,” the authors note. What’s holding us back? One of the biggest roadblocks is inter-departmental coordination, says Tamanna Dalal, a senior research associate at SFC and co-author of the nine-cities study. For instance, in some cases, the disaster management department is the nodal agency; in others, it is the health department. “Neither has any real power to coordinate action between departments. Meanwhile, some departments, such as urban development, who are responsible for certain areas of heat-mitigation action, aren’t made part of the conversation at all,” Dalal says. Worse still, “heat is seen as a second-order priority or not at all,” she adds. “For instance, even within the health departments in these cities, malaria or dengue might be the top priority during summer, rather than heat.” Within the bureaucratic imagination, heat lies in a tricky space, adds Aditya Valiathan Pillai, a visiting fellow at SFC, a PhD researcher at King’s College London, and lead author on the study. “It’s still a nascent policy area. It doesn’t have firm institutional, legal or financial backing.” The study recommends strengthening heat action plans with more funding, training and institutional backing. It is also time for the government to begin to subsidise cooling equipment, Pillai says. “While air-conditioning isn’t a long-term fix, it can help. Subsidised AC-buying programmes, like the government Ujala programme for LED lights, could help promote less-power-intensive and cost-intensive solutions. Most of India’s lower-middle-class and poor are currently buying power-guzzling second-hand ACs or poor-quality coolers. They can’t afford the power these machines guzzle, and this kind of equipment isn’t good for the grid either.” Is it a given, then, that most of us will need cooling equipment, at least during part of the year? “Unfortunately, yes, yes it is,” he says.

ANTIBIOTIC USE IN POULTRY: CROSSROADS OF RESISTANCE, PUBLIC HEALTH, AND POLICY GAPS

ABSTRACT In this paper explore about antibiotic impact on chicken, mechanism of antimicrobial resistance, antibiotic impact on poultry worker while using antibiotic in animal for therapeutic and non therapeutic, antibiotic impact on human through environment and animal food, antibiotic impact on children enter through the animal food and vegetables from infected soil and impact of antibiotic to cause cancer. Over the half century almost all known antibiotics are increasingly losing their activity against pathogenic microorganisms. In worldwide more than 60 % of all antibiotics that are used in animal production for both therapeutic (Prophylaxis) an non therapeutic (growth promoters) purposes. Furthermore, antibiotics are widely used to prevent bacterial diseases in plants also. Adequate cooking generally destroy the pathogenic bacteria in food, if hygiene measures are inadequate in food outlets, and it may be that such cross-contamination occurs with other bacteria as well, including resistant strains, but again there is no direct information. In particular, with overuse or prolonged exposure of main antibiotic classes associated with an excess of incident cancer. Antibiotic impact on chicken Poultry is defined as a group of domesticated birds raised for animal products (e. g., meat, eggs, manure), fiber (e. g., feathers), entertainment (e. g., racing, exhibition, hunting, etc.), CSE study conducted in chicken sample for Growing antibiotic-resistance in humans also because of large-scale indiscriminate use of antibiotics in poultry industry Indians are developing resistance to antibiotics — and hence falling prey to a host of otherwise curable ailments. Some of this resistance might be due to large-scale unregulated use of antibiotics in the poultry industry, says a new study released here today by Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), the New Delhi-based research and advocacy think-tank. Releasing the findings of the study which has been conducted by CSE‘s Pollution Monitoring Laboratory (PML), Sunita Narain, director general, CSE, said: ―Antibiotics are no more restricted to humans nor limited to treating diseases. The poultry industry, for instance, uses antibiotics as a growth promoter. Chickens are fed antibiotics so that they gain weight and grow faster. ‖ The CSE lab study found residues of antibiotics in 40 per cent of the samples of chicken that were tested.

Delhi's Yamuna-cleaning plan needs reset, not just money: Report

New Delhi, Amid renewed efforts to clean the Yamuna in Delhi, a new analysis released on Thursday said authorities need to rethink their strategy and stop the mixing of treated and untreated water in drains flowing into the river. The analysis by Delhi-based think tank Centre for Science and Environment said officials must ensure that tankers collecting faecal sludge from areas without sewer connections do not dump it into drains or the river. CSE director general Sunita Narain said all such tankers should be fitted with GPS trackers to make sure the sludge is taken to sewage treatment plants for proper treatment and reuse. She added that untreated water from unsewered areas should be treated near the river before being released. Narain also said that one of the biggest problems in cleaning the Yamuna is the lack of clear data on the city's population, which makes it difficult to know if the current treatment capacity is sufficient. The 22-kilometre stretch of the Yamuna between Wazirabad and Okhla in Delhi, less than 2 per cent of the river's total length, accounts for 80 per cent of its pollution load.

Delhi's Yamuna-cleaning plan needs reset, not just money: Report

Amid renewed efforts to clean the Yamuna in Delhi, a new analysis released on Thursday said authorities need to rethink their strategy and stop the mixing of treated and untreated water in drains flowing into the river. The analysis by Delhi-based think tank Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) said officials must ensure that tankers collecting faecal sludge from areas without sewer connections do not dump it into drains or the river. CSE director general Sunita Narain said all such tankers should be fitted with GPS trackers to make sure the sludge is taken to sewage treatment plants (STPs) for proper treatment and reuse.

Artificial rain, crackdown on aged vehicles under Delhi govt’s air action plan

Chief minister Rekha Gupta on Tuesday chaired a high-level review meeting on Delhi’s Environment Action Plan 2025-26, where she announced a series of steps to improve the air quality, including mandatory rooftop sprinkler systems in all high-rise buildings and compulsory water sprinkling systems at construction sites to tackle dust pollution. The CM also announced that the government will deploy 1,000 water sprinklers and 140 mobile anti-smog guns to suppress dust in the city throughout the year barring the monsoon season. The review meeting was held with environment minister Manjinder Singh Sirsa and senior officials from the environment department, Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) and other departments concerned. All departments were instructed to undertake strict and timebound measures to combat pollution, officials said. Referring to vehicular pollution and end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) -- 10-year-old diesel and 15-year-old petrol vehicles – the CM said the government has already installed 495 Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) cameras at petrol stations. The cameras will also be put up at Delhi’s border points, she said. “These cameras will identify restricted vehicles and notify authorities for enforcement. Also, this system will allow real-time tracking of ELVs plying within the city,” Gupta said after the meeting. “If any ELV enters Delhi, the owner will receive an instant SMS alert. Signboards at border points will also display the count of such vehicles,” she added. Besides, the government will undertake an audit of all Pollution Under Control (PUC) centres. Any PUC centre found issuing false certificates will face heavy fines, the CM said. The government will also make mandatory registration of construction and demolition (C&D) sites over 500sqms in area through the Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC)’s web portal. “This will ensure compliance with air pollution control norms at large sites. Additionally, sites between 200–500sqms must also follow dust control guidelines, with MCD responsible for enforcement,” the CM said. For green last-mile connectivity, Gupta said 2,300 e-rickshaws will be stationed at metro stations, out of which 700 will be operated by women. The government also plans to pursue its ambitious plan of carrying out cloud seeding to induce rain, as it is preparing to conduct a trial soon. The CM said a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) will soon be signed with IIT-Kanpur for this purpose. Sirsa said the plan also covers removal of the garbage mountains. “A key feature of this environment action plan is the development of an AI-enabled beta version of the DPCC portal, which will enable direct online issuance of challans to polluting entities. Additionally, the vehicles carrying anti-smog guns and water/mist sprinklers will be GPS-enabled for effective real-time monitoring,” said the minister. Experts welcomes the measures but emphasised that more action is needed to control emissions at their source. “These are strategies and actions largely to control dust, or enforcement measures. However, to improve Delhi’s air quality, we also need to control emission at sources and need a systemic and infrastructural-level plan to upscale solutions that are sustainable,” said Anumita Roychowdhury, executive director, research and advocacy at the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE).

सुनीता नारायण का कॉलम:पर्यावरण को ध्यान में रखकर भी हम विकास कर सकते हैं

भारत को जलवायु परिवर्तन से निपटने के लिए कोई कदम नहीं उठाना चाहिए- जब ​मैंने विभिन्न यूरोपीय देशों के जलवायु परिवर्तन दूतों के एक समूह से यह बात कही तो उनके चेहरों पर असमंजस के भाव थे। मैंने उन्हें अपने कारण बताए। विकास भारत जैसे देश के लिए बड़ी चुनौती है। यह विकास समावेशी और टिकाऊ भी होना चाहिए। अगर हम इसे हासिल करते हैं, तो हम एक बेहतरीन लक्ष्य पर पहुंच जाएंगे- स्थानीय प्रदूषण को कम करने और ग्रीन-आजीविका को बढ़ावा देने के लिए हमारे कदम ग्रीनहाउस गैस उत्सर्जन को भी कम करेंगे। इस तरह, हमारा राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर निर्धारित योगदान (एनडीसी) पारस्परिक-लाभों पर आधारित होगा। दूसरे शब्दों में अगर सही तरीके से विकास किया जाए, तो वह जलवायु परिवर्तन के संकट का भी सामना कर सकता है। दुनिया के दूसरे तमाम देशों की तरह भारत को भी विकास करना है। इसका मतलब है लाखों लोगों को रोजगार देना, उन्हें स्वास्थ्य सेवा, शिक्षा और आवास प्रदान करना और ऊर्जा आपूर्ति को बढ़ाना। विकास के लिए हमें ऐसी कार्रवाई की आवश्यकता होगी, जो सभी की जरूरतों को पूरा करे। इसके लिए रणनीति में बदलाव की जरूरत है। हम पूंजी और संसाधनों की प्रचुरता वाले मार्ग का जोखिम नहीं उठा सकते, क्योकि वह पर्यावरण को नुकसान पहुंचाता है और समाज में भी ​असमानता को बढ़ाता है। हम पहले प्रदूषण फैलाने और फिर उसकी सफाई करने के पश्चिमी देशों के दृष्टिकोण को नहीं अपना सकते। हमारे पास नुकसान की मरम्मत के लिए वित्तीय साधन भी नहीं हैं। ऐसे में हमें विकास की अपनी अवधारणा को फिर से आविष्कृत करना होगा और भारत में कई नीतियों ने यही किया है। यह भारत जैसे देशों के लिए अनूठा अवसर है कि वह विकास को जलवायु-कार्रवाई के खिलाफ खड़ा करने के बजाय उसे विकास के लिए बनाई गई नीतियों के भीतर समाहित कर सके। उदाहरण के लिए, हम जानते हैं कि हम अपनी मोबिलिटी के तौर-तरीकों को बदले बिना वायु प्रदूषण को ठीक नहीं कर सकते, क्योंकि निजी वाहन- वो चाहे जितने भी स्वच्छ क्यों न हों- सड़क की जगह घेरते हैं और प्रदूषण और भीड़भाड़ को बढ़ाते हैं। पश्चिम ने निजी वाहनों को सब्सिडी देने और उनका विद्युतीकरण करने का रास्ता अपनाया है। हमारे पास एक और उपाय है, जो हमारे आवागमन को फिर से परिभाषित करता है। यह है इलेक्ट्रिक बसों और पैराट्रांजिट और दोपहिया वाहनों जैसे किफायती परिवहन में निवेश करना। भारत का एनडीसी लो-कार्बन वाले सार्वजनिक परिवहन को बढ़ाने के बारे में होना चाहिए, न कि केवल इलेक्ट्रिक कारों की गिनती करने के बारे में। यह नीति हवा को शुद्ध रखने से प्रेरित है, लेकिन इसमें जलवायु परिवर्तन से निपटने का अतिरिक्त लाभ भी है। उद्योग-जगत से एक उदाहरण देखें : हमारे सीमेंट उद्योग ने फ्लाई ऐश का उपयोग करना शुरू कर दिया है- कार्बन को कम करने के लिए नहीं, बल्कि कचरे को कच्चे माल के रूप में इस्तेमाल करने, चूना-पत्थर का विकल्प चुनने और ऊर्जा की लागत कम करने के लिए। लो-कार्बन वाले औद्योगीकरण का भविष्य इसी तरह के समाधानों में निहित है, जिनसे सभी को लाभ हो। जैसे कि लौह अयस्क स्लैग से लेकर बायोमास और कचरे से प्राप्त होने वाले ईंधन तक- ये सभी कोयले और अन्य जीवाश्म ईंधन के उपयोग को कम करने और दक्षता में सुधार के लिए हैं। सबसे महत्वपूर्ण बात यह है कि हमें ग्रीन-इकोनॉमी के विचार को फिर से तैयार करना होगा। हम ग्रीन-एम्प्लॉयमेंट की बातें नहीं कर सकते, क्योंकि हम जानते हैं कि रिन्यूएल ऊर्जा या ईवी को अपनाने का मतलब आजीविका के अधिक अवसर नहीं होगा। वास्तव में, हाल ही में आई खबरों से पता चलता है कि इलेक्ट्रिक आर्क फर्नेस को अपनाने के कारण यूके में हजारों नौकरियां चली गई हैं। लोग अगर जलवायु-परिवर्तन के बारे में चिंतित हैं तो वे अपनी आजीविका के बारे में भी चिंता करते हैं। भारत के लिए जरूरी है वह अपनी अर्थव्यवस्था को ऐसे तैयार करे कि स्थानीय संसाधनों का उपयोग स्थानीय आजीविका के लिए हो। (ये लेखिका के अपने विचार हैं)

Why we need scientists now, more than ever

When we look back at human history, most of our great collective achievements have long-term science at their core. Science has saved us many times from the precipice of disaster and given us breakthroughs that have saved millions of lives and opened new frontiers of possibility. If we want to leave a flourishing future for generations to come, science should consistently be nurtured, celebrated and invested in, not dismissed, undermined and attacked. Recent political moves in the United States and in other nations have severely reduced science budgets and abruptly halted critical research; threatening lives, halting innovation, undermining economies and risking planetary stability. Now is the moment for all of us to speak out. The path forward is not guided by ideology, but by evidence. Facts do not waver under political pressure. Research institutions across the globe stand in solidarity. Together, we must continue to support them, to uphold scientific integrity and the pursuit of solutions grounded in knowledge and collaboration. As a collective, we believe in the importance of science to navigate the planetary emergency. In 2023, scientists fully assessed all nine Planetary Boundaries, the critical Earth system processes that ensure planetary stability. This scientific framework is critical, as it allows us to; understand where we are, to prioritise our efforts and to facilitate scaled collaboration. The latest update showed that six of the nine have been breached, heightening the risk of large-scale, potentially irreversible damage to life as we know it. To safeguard a stable, resilient and liveable planet, we must respect all nine, as they collectively define the safe operating space for humanity on Earth. Achieving this requires investment in science and holistic thinking on a planetary scale, which is a great opportunity to ensure we are also protecting human health across all dimensions, such as chemical pollution, freshwater use, biodiversity protection, ocean stability and more. It also requires us to listen to and learn from the wisdom of the original stewards of the planet: Indigenous peoples. You can learn more about the Planetary Health Check here. History offers us hope. Back in the 1970s, courageous scientists such as Sherwood Rowland and Mario Molina raised an alarm that CFCs, which were in everything at the time from deodorants to refrigerators, were destroying the ozone layer. Their alarm turned out to be an early warning that was at first dismissed and then attacked, before being proven to be the alarm that would steer us away from catastrophic consequences, as a result millions of cases of skin cancer were averted, eye cataracts prevented as well as the eventual destruction of ecosystems loss that could have led to agricultural system collapse, the list goes on. Fortunately, the world mobilised across political and other divides to globally secure and implement the Montreal Protocol that saved all our lives. Science was at the centre of this collective achievement. This included the importance of the longevity of investment in science that allowed the British Antarctic Survey to irrefutably prove the damage to the ozone layer, thanks to their meticulous tracking of atmospheric data since 1957. The group of scientists and others who mobilised behind them are true collective heroes. Their courage and actions, have allowed us to continue to live on this wondrous planet. This vibrant community, active since long before the protocol’s signing in 1987, continues to thrive, driven by dedicated leaders, rotating experts and collaborative institutions such as the Ozone Secretariat. The protocol stands as a powerful example of global cooperation to protect the planet, demonstrating that scientists, citizens, independent research institutions, governments, industry and the U.N. can work together to achieve environmental breakthroughs through diplomacy, trust and shared commitment. We can do this again. This is a planetary emergency, but also a moment of opportunity. Let us not be divided by political narratives, but united by our shared responsibility and grounded in modern and Indigenous people’s science. This commentary was written on behalf of the Planetary Guardians: Hindou Oumarou Ibrahim (Chair), Paul Polman, JM Santos, former president of Colombia, (Co Vice-Chairs) Xiye Bastida, Ralph Chami, Wade Davis, Sylvia Earle, Farwiza Farhan, Christiana Figueres, Jane Goodall, Dr Naoko Ishii, Hiro Mizuno, Sunita Narain, Carlos Nobre, Dr Mamphela Ramphele, Mary Robinson, Ayisha Siddiqa, David Suzuki.

With hotter nights and more humidity, India’s urban heat crisis is tightening its chokehold

From purchasing air conditioners and coolers to consuming copious amounts of lemon soda and coconut water, Delhiites are preparing themselves for a prolonged and scorching summer. Peak temperatures are not merely crossing the 40-degree-Celsius mark; most cities across India are becoming hotter overall. Moreover, forecasters at the India Meteorological Department (IMD) have predicted above-normal daytime and night-time temperatures throughout May and June. The ambient air temperatures in cities such as Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Bengaluru have seen a marked increase over the past decade. Data indicates that during the summers of 2001-2010, land surface temperatures dropped during nighttime by 6.2-13.2 degrees Celsius on average from the daytime peak. Between 2014 and 2024, night-time cooling has reduced dramatically to just 1.5-6.2 degrees Celsius on average. “This essentially means that throughout the season, residents are experiencing warmer average temperatures. Nature’s natural cycle of cooling is now being disrupted,” said a senior official at the IMD who did not wish to be named. Daily average temperatures have been steadily rising over the past decade, according to the IMD. “Along with daytime temperatures, we are now recording high night-time temperatures and humidity levels,” IMD Director General M. Mohapatra told ThePrint. “This means that cities are not cooling at the necessary rate, leading to an uncomfortable accumulation of heat throughout the season.” Most parts of northwest, central and eastern India are also expected to experience higher than normal heatwave days. Data further reveals that cities are witnessing a rise in minimum temperatures and humidity levels during the summer months, which has intensified the overall discomfort and unease among residents. “Such trends stress the need for climate-resilient interventions. These trends have become the new normal in some cities,” Mohapatra said. High night-time temperatures and humidity The narrowing gap between maximum and minimum temperatures as the season progresses has emerged as the primary reason for prolonged spells of extreme heat. Rising minimum temperatures are worsening the situation. Mahesh Palawat, Vice President (Meteorology and Climate Change) at Skymet Weather—a private weather forecasting service—explained that after a high heat day, nighttime is when the atmosphere usually cools down. High daytime temperatures, which circulate closer to the surface, rise to allow the cooler night air to settle. This is how nature cools a region. But this cooling mechanism is being blocked by factors such as dense urbanisation and dwindling green spaces. “It is simple science. When warm air isn’t allowed to escape, it remains trapped near the surface. The next day, more warm air is added to this, until eventually the seasonal temperature becomes unbearable,” Palawat said. An analysis by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), a Delhi-based environmental think tank, showed that the annual mean land surface air temperature over India during 2023 was 0.65 degrees Celsius above the long-term average. The report highlighted that the decadal summer-time average ambient temperature has risen by approximately 0.5 degrees Celsius in Mumbai, Bengaluru and Chennai compared to 2001-2010. Kolkata’s decadal average also increased by 0.2 degrees Celsius. The report also noted that urban centres were not cooling at night. “When night-time temperatures remain high, people get little chance to recover from daytime heat,” Dr Dileep Mavalankar, former director of the Indian Institute of Public Health in Gandhinagar, told ThePrint. When nights remain consistently warm, the risk of heat-related mortality also increases, he warned. High relative humidity levels are compounding the summer’s discomfort. The CSE report indicated that average relative humidity significantly increased over the last 10 summers—between 2014 and 2024—compared to the 2001-2010 average. In Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Hyderabad and Chennai, the decadal summer-time average relative humidity rose by five to ten percent. “This increase has worsened heat stress in warm-humid and moderate climate zones,” the report stated. Experts say these factors—often overlooked by weather monitoring agencies—reveal the actual impact of heat. Anumita Roychowdhury, executive director, Research and Advocacy at the CSE, told ThePrint that with summers becoming more dangerous, it is imperative that heat be monitored holistically to save lives and reduce damage on the ground. “Assessing the changing trends in heat, relative humidity and land surface temperature alongside day and night temperatures is necessary to develop a comprehensive heat management plan for urban centres,” Roychowdhury said, adding that the IMD’s heat recordings were not the most accurate representation of heat’s impact on the ground. The IMD has started issuing advisories that include what the day ‘feels like’. “The way weather trends are moving these days, temperature readings alone are insufficient. The daytime temperature might be 40 degrees Celsius, but when combined with factors such as high humidity and urban heat islands, it feels significantly more intense,” a senior IMD scientist said. Urban heat islands Data from the IMD over 10 years showed that peri-urban areas cool down by 12.2 degrees Celsius, while the city core cools down by only 8.5 degrees Celsius. This indicates that city centres are cooling 3.7 degrees Celsius less than surrounding areas. In Delhi, a direct correlation is observed between high heat stress and the increase in built-up area, which has risen from 31.4 percent in 2003 to 38.2 percent in 2022. Granular analysis of Delhi’s temperature trends also revealed that 80 percent of the city’s monitoring stations recorded higher temperatures than the representative station at Safdarjung. This indicates that a majority of the city is enduring a much harsher season than projected by the Met department. “Factors such as green cover and open spaces play a significant role in temperature readings. Safdarjung is also an area that is not as densely populated as many other pockets in Delhi. To provide a more accurate picture, the IMD could average readings from multiple observatories. This would give a more transparent reflection of the temperatures experienced by residents,” Palawat said.