What: TERI-IHC Lecture Series | Beyond Tailpipe: Electric Mobility at the Intersection of Air Quality and Energy Security (Discussants: KG Suresh, Vibha Dhawan, Anumita Roychowdhury, Anirudh Arun, Naveen Gupta, Sanjay Seth (moderator) Where: Gulmohar, India Habitat Centre, Lodhi Road When: September 21 Timing: 6.30pm Entry: Free Nearest Metro Station: JLN Stadium (Violet Line)
Kolkata’s ground-level ozone readings improved sharply during the summer of 2026, but the city’s air-quality picture remains more complicated than a zero-violation count suggests. Data cited from a Centre for Science and Environment analysis show that ozone exceeded the national eight-hour standard on 46 days in 2021, fell to 22 days in 2025 and was not recorded above the standard on any day during the 2026 summer. Yet ozone remained elevated in several green areas, crossed the standard during parts of the winter and was substantially more persistent in neighbouring Howrah. That contrast matters because ozone is not a single environmental problem with a single location or source. The protective ozone layer high in the atmosphere and ground-level ozone near the surface are chemically identical, but their effects and policy implications are different. The upper layer shields the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation. Ground-level ozone is an air pollutant that forms when nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds and other pollutants react in sunlight. The distinction is particularly important for cities because ground-level ozone is not emitted directly in the same way as exhaust smoke or industrial fumes. It is produced through atmospheric chemistry. Vehicles and industrial activity can supply precursor pollutants, but the final concentration depends on sunlight, temperature, rainfall, cloud cover, wind and the movement of polluted air across municipal boundaries. A reading at one monitoring station therefore reflects both local emissions and wider atmospheric conditions. The CSE figures indicate a clear summer improvement in Kolkata. The number of days on which the eight-hour national ozone standard of 100 micrograms per cubic metre was exceeded declined from 46 in 2021 to 22 in 2025. During the summer of 2026, no such exceedance was reported in the city. That is a meaningful change in the monitoring record, but it does not establish that the underlying sources of ozone precursors have been eliminated or that the improvement will persist across seasons. The seasonal pattern in the same report points to that limitation. Between November 2025 and January 2026, ozone exceeded the prescribed standard on 12 days. This suggests that a summer reading cannot by itself describe Kolkata’s annual exposure pattern. Ozone formation is shaped by a combination of emissions and atmospheric conditions, and the relationship between these variables can change across seasons. The location of the exceedances also complicates the assumption that parks and tree-covered areas automatically provide protection from every form of air pollution. Between March and May 2025, Rabindra Sarovar recorded ozone above the standard on 17 days. Jadavpur recorded five such days, Rabindra Bharati University three and Victoria Memorial two. By contrast, no comparable exceedances were recorded at Ballygunge, Bidhannagar and Fort William during the period covered by the report. These differences do not mean that green spaces cause ozone pollution. They show instead that ozone behaviour cannot be understood only through a simple distinction between polluted roads and clean parks. Ozone and its precursor pollutants can move through the urban atmosphere, and concentrations can be affected by local geography, sunlight, air circulation and the chemical reaction of pollutants over time. The supplied report does not establish why individual monitoring locations recorded different results, but the variation makes location-specific interpretation essential. The comparison with Howrah is even more significant for understanding the wider metropolitan system. During the summer of 2025, ozone exceeded the standard on 58 of 92 monitored days in Howrah, compared with 22 days in Kolkata. Dasnagar alone recorded 57 days of exceedance. CSE also noted that the expansion of monitoring stations in Howrah may have influenced the observed trend. This qualification is important: an apparent increase can partly reflect better coverage rather than only a deterioration in air quality. At the same time, the figures demonstrate why air pollution cannot be managed solely within Kolkata’s administrative boundary. Kolkata and Howrah form a connected urban region in which traffic, industrial activity, residential settlements and atmospheric movement do not stop at a municipal line. If precursor pollutants travel across that boundary, separate local responses may not fully explain or control the resulting ozone concentrations. The health concern arises from the pollutant’s effect close to the ground. According to the report, experts have warned that ground-level ozone can affect the respiratory tract and lungs, with higher risks for children, older people and those who already have respiratory illnesses. The available material does not provide hospitalisation figures or a Kolkata-specific health assessment, so the data cannot be used to quantify the city’s health burden. It does, however, establish why exceedance days matter beyond an air-quality dashboard. The policy challenge is therefore different from controlling a pollutant that can be traced directly to one visible source. Reducing ground-level ozone requires attention to nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds and other precursor pollutants, alongside monitoring of the weather and atmospheric conditions that help produce ozone. The supplied report does not identify a new government programme, enforcement action or emissions-reduction measure linked to the 2026 improvement. It also does not establish whether the reduction resulted mainly from lower emissions, favourable weather, rainfall, cloud cover, temperature changes or a combination of factors. That uncertainty does not cancel the improvement, but it defines how it should be interpreted. A fall from 46 exceedance days in 2021 to none during the 2026 summer is a positive signal in Kolkata’s monitoring record. It is not yet evidence of a permanent reversal. To determine whether the trend represents structural improvement, authorities and researchers would need to examine longer time periods, seasonal variation, precursor emissions and the consistency of readings across monitoring locations. The report itself calls for closer study of weather, rainfall, cloud cover, temperature and atmospheric chemistry. The monitoring network is central to that interpretation. Howrah’s experience shows how the number and location of stations can affect the picture available to the public. More stations can reveal pollution that earlier monitoring missed, but comparisons across years must account for changes in coverage. Without that context, a city may appear to have become more polluted simply because it has started measuring more intensively, or appear cleaner because problematic locations are not adequately represented. Kolkata’s ozone paradox is therefore not that one part of the atmosphere is recovering while another is worsening. It is that two different ozone questions are being discussed at once, while the urban air-quality system is producing a mixed and geographically uneven record. The protective upper-atmosphere layer is a global environmental issue; ground-level ozone is a metropolitan governance and public-health issue shaped by emissions, weather, monitoring and regional movement of pollutants. The evidence currently confirms three points: Kolkata recorded no ozone-standard exceedance during the 2026 summer; exceedances had already declined substantially from 2021 to 2025; and ozone remained a concern during the winter period, in selected green areas and across the Hooghly in parts of Howrah. What remains uncertain is whether the summer improvement reflects a durable change in emissions or a favourable combination of atmospheric conditions. That distinction will become clearer only through continued, seasonally consistent monitoring and analysis of the wider Kolkata–Howrah airshed.
On 26 August, an avalanche of ice, rock, water and debris, triggered by a glacial break-off, gushed downstream at a speed of almost 50 metres per second, tearing through Nepal’s Rasuwa and Nuwakot districts and impacting communities almost 100 km away. It claimed almost 1,400 lives, with more than 5,000 still missing, as authorities continue search operations. The disaster was not simply the result of a single extreme weather event. A synthesis by World Weather Attribution scientists and international glaciologists found that a combination of geological and climatic factors contributed to the catastrophic rock and ice collapse, with decades of human-caused warming likely preconditioning the mountain for failure. Nepal’s Prime Minister Balendra Shah is due to address the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) on September 24, where Nepal plans to highlight the losses it has suffered from climate-related disasters and its disproportionate vulnerability, despite contributing little to global greenhouse gas emissions. Nepal says it will seek immediate and appropriate compensation through mechanisms including the Fund for Responding to Loss and Damage (FRLD), as well as accessible and concessional climate finance and technology from developed countries for climate-resilient infrastructure, climate-smart agriculture and capacity building. More than 100 countries have already sought funding totalling nearly $3 billion from FRLD. The Fund, established in 2022 at COP27 to provide financial support to vulnerable countries to cope with climate change, has received pledges of around $800 million. Only a fraction of that money is currently available for programmes. The disaster is already shaping expectations for the next round of climate negotiations. Ajay Mathur, Professor at the School of Public Policy at the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi and a former Indian climate negotiator, said the floods had “rattled negotiators across all developing countries” and would almost certainly lead to calls for more resources for the Loss and Damage Fund at COP31 in Antalya, Turkey. “So this will come onto the agenda, whether we like it or not,” he said. Nepal’s Rapid Damage and Needs Assessment estimates total damage from the disaster at $1.8 billion, with losses of about $883 million and reconstruction needs of $4.78 billion. A more comprehensive Post-Disaster Needs Assessment is still underway. As search and rescue operations continue, Nepal is also seeking specialised equipment and supplies from international partners while preparing to take the disaster and its longer-term climate needs to the UNGA. Also Read: Can the nascent Loss and Damage Fund deliver for Nepal? The gap between those needs and available international finance has sharpened a longstanding question in climate negotiations: who pays for the resilience vulnerable countries need? Developing countries have spent years pushing developed countries to deliver more public climate finance, including for adaptation and loss and damage. But as international finance remains inadequate and slow, there is also a debate over what regional powers and emerging economies can do to prepare for risks that cannot wait for multilateral processes. Nepal will also host a UNGA side event, “Sagarmatha to the Sea: A Call to Action for a Climate-Resilient Future”, focused on the impacts of climate change on the Himalayas and the consequences for countries downstream. BRICS talked disaster preparedness, Nepal needs more The recent BRICS summit in New Delhi acknowledged the growing complexity of disaster risks, including those linked to climate change. Its declaration stressed the importance of disaster-risk reduction, climate adaptation, information sharing and investment in early-warning systems and disaster-resilient infrastructure. It also called for greater cooperation to strengthen national emergency systems. But the declaration did not specifically respond to Nepal’s disaster. Also Read: BRICS Has a Resilience Blueprint. Financing it is the Challenge With international moments like UNGA and COP31 coming up, experts say BRICS could still provide a platform for regional cooperation on disaster preparedness, data sharing and financing. “What we need to do is operationalise the pledges that have been made, and emphasise that adaptation finance should get equal weightage, not just mitigation finance,” said Ulka Kelkar, Executive Director of Climate, Economics & Finance at World Resources Institute India. “But that $300 billion per year target [as agreed upon at COP29] is far from being met.” Nepal has clarified that it is not seeking compensation from any specific country. Its position is that developed countries have responsibilities under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement, while regional cooperation with neighbouring countries is needed on disaster preparedness, data sharing and resilience. Avantika Goswami, Programme Manager, Climate Change and Green Economy at the Centre for Science and Environment, said the “onus” for providing funds to the FRLD is on developed countries. “The money pledged [by developed countries] is 11 times more than the claimed money. It is not being honoured. Any support that should come from developing countries should be voluntary. India and China are already providing aid to Nepal.” She added that for low and middle income countries, every disaster requires rebuilding and recovery, which further strains limited domestic budgets already spread thin across multiple competing objectives. To allocate more to climate adaptation, there is also limited ability to raise taxes on the population. In a fractured geopolitical landscape and slow multilateral system, some experts see a case for regional mechanisms that can provide faster support. Mathur has proposed resilience and insurance pools for specific regions in the Global South through established regional country pacts. “Operating as a rapid-payout parametric insurance pool, funds would be released automatically upon satellite detection of threshold climate triggers,” he said.
India hosted the 18th BRICS Leaders’ Summit in New Delhi on September 12–13, 2026, under the theme “Building for Resilience, Innovation, Cooperation and Sustainability.” The summit took place against a backdrop of climate disasters, conflicts, supply‑chain disruptions and financing gaps affecting emerging markets and developing economies. Prime Minister Narendra Modi opened the summit by stressing that crises in an interconnected world could no longer be confined to individual regions, and that BRICS had placed greater emphasis on strengthening resilience. The summit concluded with the adoption of the New Delhi Declaration, which brought together commitments on climate change, trade, sustainable‑development finance, carbon markets and global value chains. On climate change, BRICS reaffirmed support for multilateralism and the Paris Agreement, while highlighting the disproportionate climate burden on emerging markets and the financing gaps they face, particularly in adaptation. On trade, the declaration raised concerns over unilateral and protectionist measures, including carbon border adjustment mechanisms, warning that such steps could restrict trade, disrupt supply chains and deepen disparities. Climate Finance And Adaptation The declaration focused on scaling up climate and sustainable‑development finance. Discussions examined the role of central banks and regulators in addressing barriers to green finance and making projects more bankable. The bloc encouraged cooperation among finance ministries and central banks, and called for significant scaling up of international support for adaptation in developing countries. It stressed that adaptation finance should be grant‑based and concessional to avoid worsening vulnerabilities. Environment ministers also reiterated the need for developed countries to fulfil commitments under the New Collective Quantified Goal and tripling adaptation finance to developing countries by 2035. BRICS opposed unilateral, punitive and discriminatory measures not aligned with international law. Concerns were raised over carbon border adjustment mechanisms and other restrictive measures, including tariffs introduced under environmental objectives. The bloc emphasised strengthening the multilateral trading system and making the World Trade Organization more responsive to disruptions and the needs of emerging markets. According to Trishant Dev of the Centre for Science and Environment, opposition to unilateral climate‑linked trade measures must be seen alongside calls for equitable cooperation between developing countries in higher‑value manufacturing. Carbon Markets And Adaptation Goals The declaration supported cooperation in carbon markets, focusing on capacity building and knowledge exchange through the BRICS Carbon Markets Partnership. It welcomed dialogue on aligning carbon markets with adaptation goals, recognising ecosystems as carbon stocks and sinks that contribute to resilience. BRICS emphasised the need for broader participation of developing countries in higher‑value segments of global manufacturing. The bloc supported initiatives in trade facilitation, infrastructure, industrial capacities and technology transfer. The Workplan on BRICS Shared Understanding on Global Value Chains and the GVC Action Plan 2026–2030 were endorsed, with attention to challenges faced by emerging markets in moving up the value chain. Energy security was linked to resilient value chains, with recognition of fossil fuels’ continued role for emerging economies alongside calls for just and inclusive energy transitions. Avantika Goswami of the Centre for Science and Environment noted that while a fossil fuel phase‑out is unlikely, BRICS nations are increasingly adopting clean technologies such as solar energy and electric vehicles.
विश्व ओजोन दिवस के बीच कोलकाता में ओजोन को लेकर एक दिलचस्प पर्यावरणीय तस्वीर सामने आई है। वायुमंडल की ऊपरी परत में मौजूद सुरक्षात्मक ओजोन परत धीरे-धीरे सुधार की ओर बढ़ रही है, लेकिन जमीन के करीब मौजूद ओजोन यानी ग्राउंड-लेवल ओजोन अब भी शहर की हवा के लिए चिंता का विषय बना हुआ है। विशेषज्ञों के मुताबिक दोनों तरह के ओजोन को अलग-अलग समझना जरूरी है। नएस्थान तलाशें 2026 की गर्मियों में नहीं मिला मानक से अधिक ओजोन सेंटर फॉर साइंस एंड एनवायरनमेंट (CSE) के विश्लेषण के अनुसार कोलकाता में गर्मियों के दौरान ओजोन की स्थिति में हाल के वर्षों में सुधार दर्ज हुआ है। वर्ष 2021 में राष्ट्रीय आठ घंटे के मानक 100 माइक्रोग्राम प्रति घन मीटर से अधिक ओजोन वाले 46 दिन दर्ज किए गए थे। 2025 में यह संख्या घटकर 22 दिन रह गई और 2026 की गर्मियों में ऐसे एक भी दिन की रिपोर्ट नहीं हुई। हालांकि नवंबर 2025 से जनवरी 2026 के बीच 12 दिन ओजोन का स्तर निर्धारित मानक से ऊपर रहा। हरियाली वाले इलाकों में भी बढ़ा ओजोन का असर रिपोर्ट में सामने आया कि कोलकाता के कुछ हरित इलाकों में भी ग्राउंड-लेवल ओजोन का स्तर अधिक पाया गया। मार्च से मई 2025 के दौरान रवींद्र सरोवर में 17 दिन, जादवपुर में पांच दिन, रवींद्र भारती विश्वविद्यालय में तीन दिन और विक्टोरिया मेमोरियल में दो दिन ओजोन मानक से अधिक रहा। इसके विपरीत बालीगंज, विधाननगर और फोर्ट विलियम में ऐसे मामले दर्ज नहीं हुए। वाहनों और प्रदूषकों की रासायनिक प्रतिक्रिया से बनता है ओजोन ग्राउंड-लेवल ओजोन सीधे वाहनों या फैक्ट्रियों से उत्सर्जित नहीं होता। नाइट्रोजन ऑक्साइड (NOx), वाष्पशील कार्बनिक यौगिक (VOCs) और अन्य प्रदूषक धूप में रासायनिक प्रतिक्रिया करते हैं, जिससे ओजोन बनता है। विशेषज्ञों के अनुसार इसका असर सांस की नली और फेफड़ों पर पड़ सकता है तथा बच्चों, बुजुर्गों और पहले से सांस संबंधी बीमारी वाले लोगों के लिए जोखिम बढ़ सकता है। कोलकाता से सटे हावड़ा में 2025 की गर्मियों के दौरान 92 में से 58 दिन ओजोन मानक से अधिक रहा, जबकि कोलकाता में यह संख्या 22 दिन थी। दासनगर में अकेले 57 दिन ऐसे दर्ज किए गए। CSE ने यह भी स्पष्ट किया है कि हावड़ा में निगरानी केंद्रों के विस्तार ने आंकड़ों के रुझान को प्रभावित किया हो सकता है। इसलिए 2026 की गर्मियों में कोलकाता में शून्य ओजोन-उल्लंघन राहत देने वाला संकेत जरूर है, लेकिन वैज्ञानिकों को इसमें मौसम, बारिश, बादल, तापमान और वायुमंडलीय रसायन की भूमिका का भी अध्ययन करना होगा।
According to a report by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) titled “Mobility crisis is behind the pollution in Delhi” and a paper titled “Towards A Comprehensive Framework for Public Transport System Planning in India” authored by Nandan Dawda for the Observer Research Foundation, Bengaluru and Delhi come closest to meeting the benchmark at 45 buses, while Chennai has only 30, and Mumbai 28. Moreover, congestion makes it difficult to use even the available fleets as they make fewer trips. Also, bus corporations and city governments generally fail on disability access.
A recent Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) analysis found ground-level ozone has become a multi-season threat across 25 Indian cities. While Delhi-NCR emerged as the biggest regional hotspot, Chandigarh recorded the highest average summer levels, followed by Ahmedabad and Jaipur. Elevated ground-level ozone has also been recorded across parts of Greater Ahmedabad, including central areas, with experts warning that exceedances of safe air-quality limits are lasting longer and reaching residential neighbourhoods.
दिल्ली की हवा खराब होने पर अमूमन चर्चा धूल के महीन कणों पीएम2.5 और पीएम10 के इर्द-गिर्द होती है, लेकिन साफ दिखाई न देने वाली एक प्रदूषक गैस भी सेहत पर भारी पड़ रही है। यह सतह के आसपास मौजूद, ग्राउंड लेवल ओजोन है। यह वही गैस है, जो धरती के परिवेश को सूर्य की खतरनाक अल्ट्रावायलेट किरणों सुरक्षित रखती है। केंद्रीय प्रदूषण नियंत्रण बोर्ड (सीपीसीबी) और सेंटर फॉर साइंस एंड एनवायरमेंट (सीएसई) की रिपोर्ट बताती हैं कि दिल्ली-एनसीआर में पूरे साल ओजोन खतरा बढ़ा रही है। सीएसई ने एक रिपोर्ट के मुताबिक, एक मार्च से 10 मई 2026 के बीच किए गए अध्ययन के 71 दिनों में दिल्ली-एनसीआर में आठ घंटे का राष्ट्रीय मानक 100 माइक्रो ग्राम प्रति घन मीटर को हर दिन पार कर गया। दिल्ली में औसतन 8.79 मॉनिटरिंग स्टेशन रोजाना मानक से ऊपर रहे, जबकि एनसीआर के शहरों में यह आंकड़ा औसतन 3.2 स्टेशन था। दिल्ली में पूसा आईएमडी, जबकि एनसीआर में ग्रेटर नोएडा का नॉलेज पार्क-5, नोएडा सेक्टर-125 और गाजियाबाद का वसुंधरा प्रमुख हॉटस्पॉट रहे। ग्रेटर नोएडा नॉलेज पार्क-5 में 44 दिन ओजोन मानक से ऊपर रही।
While the ECC, aimed at mitigating air pollution arising from vehicles remains underspent, The Wire had earlier reported that an analysis last year by the Delhi-based Centre for Science and Environment showed despite the decrease in farm fires, air pollution levels in Delhi in October and November were still high primarily due to vehicular pollution.
सूचना के अधिकार (आरटीआई) के तहत मिले जवाब से पता चला है कि दिल्ली सरकार को पर्यावरण मुआवजा शुल्क (Environment Compensation Charge-ECC) के तौर पर 1,935.44 करोड़ रुपये मिले हैं, लेकिन इसका लगभग 60% हिस्सा अभी तक खर्च नहीं हुआ है. हिंदुस्तान टाइम्स की रिपोर्ट के अनुसार, आरटीआई जवाब के मुताबिक, 1,935.44 करोड़ रुपये में से सिर्फ़ 781.51 करोड़ रुपये ही खर्च किए गए, जबकि 1,153.93 करोड़ रुपये बिना खर्च किए ही रह गए. पर्यावरण मुआवजा शुल्क सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने 2015 में लगाया था और इसे दिल्ली नगर निगम (एमसीडी) द्वारा वसूला जाता है. वायु प्रदूषण को कम करने के उद्देश्य से दिल्ली में प्रवेश करने वाले वाणिज्यिक वाहनों पर यह शुल्क लगाया जाता है. बाद में इस शुल्क से प्राप्त राशि दिल्ली सरकार के खाते में जमा की जाती है. आरटीआई के जवाब के अनुसार, अब तक खर्च किए गए ज़्यादातर पैसे बड़े परिवहन बुनियादी ढांचा परियोजना, पर खर्च हुए हैं. इसमें सबसे बड़ी रकम 500 करोड़ रुपये थी, जिसे मई 2023 में दिल्ली-मेरठ रीजनल रैपिड ट्रांजिट सिस्टम (आरआरटीएस) कॉरिडोर को लागू करने के लिए राष्ट्रीय राजधानी क्षेत्र परिवहन निगम (एनसीआरटीसी) को मंज़ूरी दी गई थी. मार्च 2019 में इसी परियोजना के लिए एनसीआरटीसी को 265 करोड़ रुपये और जारी किए गए थे. आरटीआई कार्यकर्ता अमित गुप्ता, जिन्होंने यह अर्ज़ी दाखिल की थी, ने अख़बार को बताया, ‘कोर्ट के आदेशों और विशेषज्ञों की ओर से गंभीर कदम उठाने के सुझावों के बावजूद प्रदूषण कम करने में सीधे असर डालने वाले बड़े परियोजनाओं के लिए फंड का सही तरीके से इस्तेमाल नहीं किया जा रहा है.’ इससे पहले सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने दिल्ली सरकार को निर्देश दिया था कि वह ‘एयर क्वालिटी मैनेजमेंट कमीशन’ (सीएक्यूएम) की अंतरिम सिफारिशों के साथ-साथ बचे हुए पैसे का इस्तेमाल लंबे समय के उपायों के लिए करने की योजना पेश करे. सुप्रीम कोर्ट ने अपने बताए गए उपायों के लिए फंड का पूरी तरह से इस्तेमाल करने की ज़रूरत पर ज़ोर दिया था. हालांकि, गाड़ियों से होने वाले वायु प्रदूषण को कम करने के मकसद से शुरू किए गए ईसीसी के लिए आवंटित फंड का पूरा इस्तेमाल नहीं हो पाया है. द वायर ने पहले रिपोर्ट किया था कि दिल्ली स्थित ‘सेंटर फॉर साइंस एंड एनवायरनमेंट’ के पिछले साल के एक विश्लेषण से पता चला था कि खेतों में पराली जलाने की घटनाओं में कमी के बावजूद अक्टूबर और नवंबर में दिल्ली में वायु प्रदूषण का स्तर ज़्यादा बना रहा, जिसकी मुख्य वजह गाड़ियों से होने वाला प्रदूषण था. विश्लेषण के अनुसार, रियल-टाइम वायु प्रदूषण डेटा से पता चला कि पीक ट्रैफिक घंटों के दौरान फाइन पार्टिकुलेट मैटर (या पीएम2.5, जो हवा का एक मुख्य प्रदूषक है) का स्तर, नाइट्रोजन डाइऑक्साइड और कार्बन मोनोऑक्साइड (दोनों ही वाहनों से निकलने वाले प्रदूषक हैं) के स्तर में होने वाले रोज़ाना के उतार-चढ़ाव जैसा ही था. बीते अगस्त महीने में दिल्ली विधानसभा में पेश की गई नियंत्रक एवं महालेखा परीक्षक (कैग) की परफॉर्मेंस ऑडिट रिपोर्ट में खुलासा हुआ था कि दिल्ली में पर्यावरण मुआवजा शुल्क के संग्रह से संबंधित 280 दिनों के रिकॉर्ड गायब थे, जबकि इस मद में जमा किए गए 843.12 करोड़ रुपये अब तक खर्च नहीं किए गए हैं.
The two should not be confused. The depletion of the protective ozone layer is a global atmospheric phenomenon rather than a local “ozone hole” over Kolkata. Globally, the ozone layer is on a recovery path and, if current policies remain in place, ozone outside the polar regions is expected to return to around 1980 levels by about 2040, said Anumita Roychowdhury, Centre for Science Environment (CSE) executive director and lead researcher. Kolkata’s ground-level ozone presents a more complicated picture. An analysis by the CSE shows that summer ozone exceedances in the city have fallen sharply in recent years. Kolkata recorded exceedances of the national eight-hour standard of 100 µg/m³ on 46 summer days in 2021. The number dropped to 22 days in 2025 and, remarkably, to zero during summer 2026.
India has recycled 17 million tonnes of plastic packaging waste since 2022, when the “Extended Producer Responsibility” (“EPR”) regime came into force, shows the latest Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) data. The estimated value of this plastic-recycling trade comes to a whopping ₹2,500 crore — enough to fund four Chandrayaan-3 missions. Considering that India annually produces 3.8 million tonnes of plastic waste, going by CPCB estimates, we have been successful in getting rid of at least four-five years of plastic waste generated. If this is the case, and it clearly is, based on official documents of June 2026, then why do we still see mountains of plastic waste in our cities, villages and riverways? Clearly, something is not quite right.EPR is an instrument used universally to manage waste. It puts the onus of collecting and recycling plastic on its manufacturers — producers, importers or brand owners (PIBOs). From 2023-24, in India, PIBOs are mandated to collect 100 per cent of the plastic waste they generate. As of last year, PIBOs had the target to recycle 40-60 per cent of this collected packaging material. For 2026-27, the target is up to 50-70 per cent, depending on the category of plastic. For instance, PIBOs of category 2 plastic, which includes everything from single to multilayered packaging, used for wrapping items ranging from chips to shampoo sachets, are mandated to collect 100 per cent of their plastic packaging and recycle 50 per cent of it, as of this year. For recycling, PIBOs contract with plastic waste processors (PWPs), units required to be registered with the CPCB. There are over 1,000 registered PWPs, according to the official data. These units are paid in accordance with CPCB-mandated rates — ₹870 per tonne for category 1 (pet bottles and the like); ₹1,500 per tonne for flexible plastic (packaged food and other household items); and ₹2,500 per tonne for compostable material. Each tonne of plastic recycled is equal to one EPR certificate. Taking an average rate of ₹1,500 per tonne, the value of 17 million tonnes of plastic waste recycled by India since 2022 comes to ₹2,500 crore. If PIBOs do not meet their targets for recycling, they are charged a hefty environmental compensation. This cost of non-compliance is 2.5 times the cost of compliance. The CPCB estimates that the cost of plastic waste recycling is ₹4,000 per tonne, which it then distributes equally between municipalities and producer companies, averaging ₹2,000 per tonne. If PIBOs fail, they are slapped with an environmental compensation of ₹5,000 per tonne for category 2 plastic, for instance. This sounds great. In fact, it sounds so great that the government is said to be considering taking this system to the stock market to allow trading of EPR certificates. But then, I ask again, if this system is working so well, why do we see so much plastic everywhere? My colleagues audited plastic in the drains of Agra city and found that branded plastic packaging made up 70 per cent of the waste. Then how can companies claim 100 per cent collection? You will find the same if you look at any garbage dump in your vicinity. Let’s look at what can go wrong. First, does the PIBO target underestimate the waste generated? In 2024, my colleagues analysed the official EPR portal and found that 41,544 PIBOs had registered and were assigned recycling targets based on self-reported data. How this quantity was validated is not clear. Second, how does the CPCB verify the volume of waste processed and recycled? The CPCB says it does this through audits and ground-checks. On June 26, the CPCB directed different states to take action against non-compliant PWPs. The audit (not available publicly) seems to suggest that many PWPs were generating certificates more than their registered capacity and other violations. The problem is compounded because it is difficult to trust or verify in this business. The CPCB says PWPs must upload GST (goods and services tax) invoice as proof of sale of the finished recycled product. The product, in most cases, is plastic pellets, which are then used mostly by industries in the informal sector. Worse, the high rate of GST, at 18 per cent, makes “open” business unviable. The third issue is even more fundamental. If it costs PIBOs 2.5 times more to pay for non-compliance, they should want to pay for recycling at PWPs. But this cost also creates a perverse incentive to “arrange” for certificates and not for recycling. It is also because in many cases, recycling is not feasible at the agreed rate. Our research finds that the real cost of recycling the same category 2 plastic would be ₹4,000 to ₹6,000 per tonne — much higher than the set rate of ₹1,500 per tonne. That said, we need more ways to improve the learning for scrutiny and compliance. But the opposite is happening. As on June 28, 2026, the EPR portal is available only to a closed group of users. It can be argued that this has been done because EPR is a lucrative business and private information must be kept confidential. But this lack of transparency will only make things worse. This is not governance for tomorrow, not even of yesterday. The writer is at the Centre for Science and Environment; sunita@cseindia.org, X: @sunitanar
The BRICS declaration has called for greater cooperation on renewable energy, smart grids, energy storage, low-emission hydrogen and clean industrial development, with the Centre for Science and Environment saying the commitments could strengthen the shift towards cleaner energy across member countries. The declaration, issued at the BRICS summit, places clean technology and green industrial development alongside climate-related priorities. It also includes support for a photovoltaic industry action plan and expanded cooperation in low-emission hydrogen, smart grids and energy storage. CSE programme manager Avantika Goswami said BRICS countries are facing rapidly rising energy requirements, making an immediate end to fossil-fuel use unlikely. She said the declaration nevertheless emphasised a just, orderly, equitable and inclusive energy transition, while also highlighting energy security and resilient supply chains. The emphasis on supply chains is significant because the declaration links clean-energy deployment with industrial development and manufacturing capacity. CSE deputy programme manager Trishant Dev said broader cooperation would be needed to help developing countries move up the global high-value manufacturing chain. According to the CSE assessment, BRICS countries are adopting clean technologies such as solar power and electric vehicles at a fast pace. The group is also responsible for more than half of global solar-energy production, making its decisions relevant to the availability, manufacturing and deployment of clean-energy technologies beyond the member countries. The declaration calls for renewable energy to be expanded across economic sectors and for carbon emissions to be reduced. Its listed areas of cooperation cover generation, electricity-system management, storage, hydrogen and industrial production rather than focusing only on electricity generation. The document also addresses trade-related climate measures. BRICS countries have opposed unilateral and protectionist measures linked to climate policy, including the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism, or CBAM. The declaration further reiterates commitments under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement. The announcement does not specify project-level funding, implementation deadlines or the institutional mechanism through which the proposed cooperation will be delivered. The immediate focus is on establishing cooperation in photovoltaic manufacturing, low-emission hydrogen, smart grids and energy storage while balancing faster clean-energy adoption with the member countries’ continuing energy needs.
पंजाब से मॉनसून वापस जा रहा है. अक्टूबर तक धान की कटाई होती है. इसके बाद गेहूं की फसल लगाई जाती है. इस बीच, उत्तरी भारत में हवाओं का गर्मी वाला जोर कम हो जाता है, वे उत्तर-पश्चिम से आती हैं और धीमी पड़ जाती हैं, और पंजाब और हरियाणा के ऊपर हवा में जो कुछ भी होता है, वह दिल्ली की ओर बढ़ने लगता है और वहीं जमा हो जाता है. इसी क्रम को दिल्ली में सर्दियों के दौरान सांस लेने लायक हवा न होने के लिए जिम्मेदार ठहराया जाता रहा है. इस साल, यह क्रम टूट गया है. इंडियन एग्रीकल्चरल रिसर्च इंस्टीट्यूट की रोजाना की रिपोर्ट के अनुसार, 2025 के धान के मौसम में 15 सितंबर से 30 नवंबर के बीच पंजाब में फसल जलाने की 5,114 घटनाएं सैटेलाइट से रिकॉर्ड की गईं. 2021 में ऐसी 71,304 घटनाएं रिकॉर्ड की गई थीं. यानी पांच सीजन में इसमें लगभग 93 प्रतिशत की कमी आई है. 2021 के बाद से हर सीजन में यह संख्या पिछले सीजन से कम रही है. लेकिन दिल्ली की हवा पर इसका वैसा असर नहीं दिखा. सेंट्रल पॉल्यूशन कंट्रोल बोर्ड के आंकड़े सेंट्रल पॉल्यूशन कंट्रोल बोर्ड के आंकड़ों के अनुसार, इन्हीं पांच पतझड़ के मौसमों में, 1 अक्टूबर से 30 नवंबर की अवधि के लिए शहर का औसत एयर क्वालिटी इंडेक्स (AQI) 2021 में 273 से बढ़कर 2025 में 288 हो गया. इन पांचों में सबसे साफ हवा 2022 में थी, जब AQI 264 था. उस सीजन में पंजाब में आग लगने की 49,922 घटनाएं रिकॉर्ड की गई थीं, जो पिछले साल की तुलना में दस गुना ज्यादा थीं. सबसे खराब दिनों में जरूर कमी आई. 2021 में, दिल्ली में 11 दिन AQI 400 से ऊपर रहा, जिसे "गंभीर" (severe) श्रेणी माना जाता है. 2025 में ऐसे दिन तीन थे. पूरे साल के हिसाब से देखें तो सुधार और भी साफ दिखता है- कमीशन फॉर एयर क्वालिटी मैनेजमेंट के अनुसार, दिल्ली का जनवरी से नवंबर का औसत AQI 2021 में 197 के मुकाबले 2025 में 187 रहा, जो 2018 के बाद से इस अवधि का सबसे अच्छा स्तर है. रोजाना के खराब दिनों की स्थिति में कोई बदलाव नहीं आया. पूरे साल के हिसाब से देखें तो फसल जलाने का मौसम एक ऐसी लाइन पर अचानक बढ़ने वाली बढ़त (spike) की तरह है जो कभी भी साफ हवा के स्तर तक नीचे नहीं आती. इस साल भी यह पैटर्न नहीं बदला है. 1 जनवरी से 13 सितंबर के बीच, दिल्ली का औसत AQI 172 रहा. 2025 में इन्हीं दिनों में यह 166 था. इस साल, हमने 19 दिन AQI को 300 से ऊपर देखा, जबकि पिछले साल यह संख्या 17 थी. इस जनवरी में दो दिन—18 और 19 जनवरी—AQI 400 से ऊपर रहा. 2025 में इसी समय के दौरान AQI कभी भी इस स्तर तक नहीं पहुंचा. दोनों पैमानों पर, 2026 की स्थिति थोड़ी खराब रही. पराली जलाने का मौसम—जब असल में दोनों सालों के आंकड़ों में अंतर दिखेगा—अभी आना बाकी है. इसमें पराली का कितना हिस्सा है? सालों तक, "दिल्ली की सर्दियों की हवा में पराली जलाने का कितना योगदान है?" सवाल का ईमानदार जवाब यही है कि कोई नहीं बता सकता. अब यह अंतर कम हो गया है, और जवाब उस तर्क से कहीं कम है जो आमतौर पर दिया जाता है. सेंट्रल पॉल्यूशन कंट्रोल बोर्ड ने पर्यावरण कार्यकर्ता अमित गुप्ता की 'सूचना का अधिकार' (RTI) अर्जी के जवाब में बताया कि अक्टूबर से दिसंबर 2025 के दौरान दिल्ली के PM2.5 में पराली जलाने का योगदान 3.5 प्रतिशत था, जो 2021 में 13 प्रतिशत था. जवाब से यह भी पुष्टि हुई कि बोर्ड अभी भी 'द एनर्जी एंड रिसोर्सेज इंस्टीट्यूट' और 'ऑटोमोटिव रिसर्च एसोसिएशन ऑफ इंडिया' की 2018 की स्टडी पर निर्भर है. इस स्टडी में दिल्ली के प्रदूषण के हर स्रोत के योगदान का हिसाब लगाया गया था—लेकिन यह उस शहर की आठ साल पुरानी तस्वीर है जो अब बदल चुका है. लेकिन तीन महीने का औसत एक लंबा समय है. सिर्फ अक्टूबर और नवंबर के दौरान, 'सेंटर फॉर साइंस एंड एनवायरनमेंट' ने औसत योगदान लगभग चार प्रतिशत और सबसे खराब दिन का योगदान लगभग 22 प्रतिशत बताया. पराली जलाना ज्यादातर दिनों में एक छोटी भूमिका निभाता है, लेकिन कुछ दिनों में यह मुख्य कारण बन जाता है. पराली जलाना बंद नहीं हुआ—बस जगह बदल गई दिल्ली खुद को जो कहानी सुनाती है, वह पंजाब के बारे में है. हालांकि, अब डेटा सिर्फ उस राज्य तक सीमित नहीं है. जबकि पंजाब में आग लगने की घटनाओं में 93 प्रतिशत की कमी आई, बुलेटिन में शामिल अन्य पांच राज्यों—हरियाणा, उत्तर प्रदेश, मध्य प्रदेश, राजस्थान और दिल्ली—में ऐसी घटनाओं में 35 प्रतिशत की वृद्धि हुई (20,743 से बढ़कर 27,914 हो गईं). यह बढ़ोतरी ज्यादातर मध्य प्रदेश में हुई है, जहां हर सीजन में यह संख्या 8,160 से बढ़कर 17,067 हो गई है और अब यहां इन छह राज्यों में सबसे अधिक मामले दर्ज किए जाते हैं. उत्तर प्रदेश 7,290 मामलों के साथ दूसरे नंबर पर है. पंजाब तीसरे नंबर पर है.
The estimated value of this plastic-recycling trade comes to a whopping ₹2,500 crore — enough to fund four Chandrayaan-3 missions. Considering that India annually produces 3.8 million tonnes of plastic waste, going by CPCB estimates, we have been successful in getting rid of at least four-five years of plastic waste generated. If this is the case, and it clearly is, based on official documents of June 2026, then why do we still see mountains of plastic waste in our cities, villages and riverways? Clearly, something is not quite right. EPR is an instrument used universally to manage waste. It puts the onus of collecting and recycling plastic on its manufacturers — producers, importers or brand owners (PIBOs). From 2023-24, in India, PIBOs are mandated to collect 100 per cent of the plastic waste they generate. As of last year, PIBOs had the target to recycle 40-60 per cent of this collected packaging material.
Avantika Goswami, programme manager of the Climate Change and Green Economy unit at Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), said, “The BRICS nations comprise a diverse mix of developing and emerging countries with growing energy needs, industrialisation aspirations and multiple development challenges -- it is unlikely that we will hear a fossil fuel phase-out declaration any time soon.”