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Cse In News

Bengaluru failed to beat the heat: Why ward-level action plans are urgent

According to a study by the Centre for Science and Environment, the built area in Bengaluru has increased from 37.5% to 71.5%, while the green cover has only increased by 7.6%. To tackle rising temperatures, priority should be given to greening areas with less vegetation. Ragiri Sankara is a cab driver based in Bengaluru. “Tackling the heat is a huge task these days,” he says. To be driving all day in the heat is very tiring; the car heats up very fast. “I pack different juices daily to keep myself cool,” he adds. Gig workers, street vendors, waste pickers, construction labourers, and the urban poor face a higher risk of heat stress than the general population. Now that summer has ended and the monsoon is setting in, the government has once again failed to effectively manage heat stress in Bengaluru. The need for a localised HAP A study in The Journal of Climate Change and Health classifies Bengaluru Urban and Rural as moderate-risk districts. However, Bengaluru Rural faces the highest exposure, while Bengaluru Urban falls into the high exposure category. This underscores the need for localised data to assess heat stress impacts on different communities and develop targeted action plans. But Bengaluru does not even have a heat action plan (HAP) except for a state HAP. Shruti Narayan, Managing Director-Regions and Regional Director-South and West Asia, C40 Cities, notes that localised ward-level heat stress assessments enable targeted, community-specific interventions by identifying areas of heightened exposure — often low-income neighbourhoods with poor housing, limited tree cover, and inadequate access to cooling resources. How can localisation help So, how exactly could a localised heat action plan help? Vulnerable communities face greater risks due to age, health issues, and unstable jobs. For daily wage earners, lost productivity means lost income. Ward-level data helps integrate lived experiences with technical mapping to inform inclusive planning that reflects local risk perceptions, access to essential services (such as health, water, electricity, housing and transport), and resilience capacities. “Ultimately, it empowers communities to co-create solutions and advocate for equitable adaptation measures,” Shruti adds. To give an example, she points out that granular ward-level data on the impact of heat on health is largely missing. Combining thermal imaging, qualitative interviews, and community engagement with spatial dataset analysis could be a potential solution. Similar mapping can be adopted for greening efforts. Action is key But implementing measures to combat heat stress is more important than measuring it. “It is not just important to measure the heat stress, we should look into how we can incorporate it to take necessary measures to protect the most vulnerable,” says Sobia Rafiq, co-founder of Sensing Local, an Urban Living Lab based in Bengaluru. Strategies to combat heat stress can focus on urban planning, green infrastructure, public awareness, and community engagement. “Localisation provides an understanding of the problem and helps identify simple solutions that can later be scaled up,” says Sobia. Even for other weather events like flooding, settlements near raja kaluves or stormwater drains are more vulnerable, so actions like evacuation should prioritise these communities. By analysing a locality’s built-up area and the types of jobs people do, we can identify communities most vulnerable to heat exposure. “But we can’t just be working on developing a database on this,” she adds. It is more important to implement actions side-by-side. Instead of relying on broad heat measurements, we need a localised, multi-dimensional approach to tackle heat stress. When the government proposes strategies like cooling systems or shelter models, the private sector—such as architects and urban planners—can step in to suggest effective cooling solutions and shelter designs. Identifying spaces for greening Another localised measure could be improving green cover. Areas with more greenery are much cooler than those with dense construction. According to a study by the Centre for Science and Environment, the built area in Bengaluru has increased from 37.5% to 71.5%, while the green cover has only increased by 7.6%. To tackle rising temperatures, priority should be given to greening areas with less vegetation.

CSE Calls For Support To Community Seed Banks To Ensure Food Security In Climate-Risked Times

Based on its conversations with experts and practitioners involved in community seed banking, the CSE has found that these banks face challenges related to funding, infrastructure and policy support India is witnessing a decline in agricultural growth due to drop in foodgrain production – from 4.7 per cent in 2022-23 to 1.4 per cent in 2023-24. Promoting diversified farming systems that use traditional seeds can help stem the rot, says the CSE report A new report by Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), released here to mark the International Day for Biological Diversity, celebrates the ‘seed savers’ and community seed banks of the country. Speaking at the launch of the report, Vibha Varshney, who heads the Biodiversity and Food team at CSE, said: “Traditional seeds are more resilient to extreme weather events. We conducted an online survey of non-government organisations, community seed banks and individuals to understand how India was faring on preserving this invaluable resource – this report has been culled from their responses, coming from 15 states from across the country.”

This Indian Forecasting Breakthrough Can Warn You Two Hours Ahead — Down To The Village

Between 2022 and 2024, India saw an 18% rise in the number of heatwave days up from just 5% in 2020. The result? More crop damage, more power outages, more health emergencies. The Centre for Science and Environment reported that 2024 alone had more weather-related crop loss than the two previous years combined. BFS enters at a time when these extreme weather events are no longer rare - they're regular. With this system, hyperlocal alerts for rain, hailstorms, and floods can be issued in advance, giving people time to protect themselves, their homes, and their livelihoods.

Pressing the Reset Button

There are three key reasons countries need to electrify their vehicle fleet. One is climate change. The transport sector guzzles massive amounts of oil—petrol and diesel—and globally contributes roughly 15 per cent of the annual carbon dioxide emissions. Zero-emission vehicles, or electric vehicles (EVs), replace oil with electricity, generated ideally in renewable energy plants, and are hence seen as the solution. The second reason, which is more important for “our” cities, is that replacing petrol and diesel vehicles with zero-emission vehicles will reduce local pollution. And third, it will save us valuable foreign exchange as oil consumption reduces. All of these are valid reasons to act. But these alone cannot usher in the change that is needed. We need a reset; a review of what we are doing and why, so that we can move not just the vehicle electrification agenda but get the benefits that are so desperately required. Let us take our cities first, where electrification coalesces into double-triple benefits by reducing toxic air pollution, saving on foreign exchange and providing co-benefits of mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. All good. But only if we are clear about the intent of policy and then drive its outcome—deliberately and at scale. It was in 2019 that the NITI Aayog laid out India’s EV ambition—by 2030, EV sales penetration would be 70 per cent of all new commercial cars, 30 per cent of private cars, 40 per cent of buses and 80 per cent of two- and three-wheeled vehicles. We are still far from this—as of mid-2025, the only segment that is surging is three-wheelers, with close to 60 per cent of new registration being EVs. These are mostly non-branded, locally built three-wheelers that crowd roads but provide an affordable commute. The rest of the EV fleet transition is too little to speak about; 5-6 per cent of the new registrations of cars, two-wheelers or even buses are EVs. This makes no dent at all in reducing pollution or oil imports or decarbonisation. This is when we know that vehicles are the top contributors to the toxins we breathe. The problem is not just with the different categories of vehicles that add to pollution, but also with their numbers on the road that add to congestion and in turn to pollution. So, the twin action agenda for air pollution control is to make the transition to clean vehicles and to reduce the vehicle numbers. When Delhi transitioned to compressed natural gas (CNG) in the early 2000s, it targeted gross polluting vehicles such as buses, taxis and auto-rickshaws. This category of public and commercial vehicles has the highest mileage of travel in any city, particularly Delhi, and the science of pollution is clear that the longer the travel, the greater the emissions. In addition, a public subsidy given for replacing the old with newer CNG vehicles was directed towards upgrading the public transport system—providing space for people to move and not vehicles. But Delhi’s story went wrong—a policy mistake we must not repeat as it negates the gains of clean air and wastes public investment. Delhi, in the two decades post its CNG revolution, has not been able to sufficiently improve its public transport so that it restricts the growth of vehicles on the road. Delhi adds some 1,800 new personal vehicles each day; of which over 500 are private cars. The country on the whole adds over 10,000 private cars onto its roads every day. This implosion of vehicles on our roads, despite all the new flyovers and road networks, has meant that we are stuck in traffic and speeds are down. My colleagues at the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) analysed hourly travel time data, extracted using Google API and found that during weekdays, Delhi witnesses an average speed reduction of 41 per cent during morning peak hours and 56 per cent during evening peaks. The correlation between hours spent in traffic and growing air pollution is well established. But the story gets worse; another study by my colleagues found that buses were stuck in the same traffic and these chronic delays meant that ridership goes down as people shift to more dependable private transport. The Delhi metro, which has an incredible reach now, is also losing because of the lack of last-mile connectivity and its cost and hassles. So, the way ahead is to be focussed and deliberate in our policy. The National Clean Air Plan (NCAP), which targets all cities with high air pollution, must converge towards the twin goals of cleaner vehicles and lesser vehicles. It is not enough to count only the number of new electric buses—which is crucial—but also its modal share in traffic so that each city plans to scale up public transport and make it possible for us to spend less time and money on commute; more quality time at home; and, most critically, breathe air that does not make us ill. This is not all. The question is: do we really need private EVs in India and the rest of the world? I will discuss this next time. DTE The writer is the Director-General of CSE and editor of Down To Earth. Views expressed are personal

Rework The Economics

India should not take action to combat climate change. As I said this to a group of climate change envoys from various European countries, I could notice signs of confusion on their faces. I explained to them my reasons. Development is the most significant challenge that a country like India faces. We know today that this growth should also be inclusive and sustainable. And if we achieve this, we hit a sweet spot—our actions to reduce local pollution and to drive green livelihoods will also reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In this way, our Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), which puts together the package of actions to reduce emissions, would be based on co-benefits; development, if done right, will also address the urgent crisis of climate change. We know that it is in our interest to achieve this twin goal. We are vulnerable to climate change impacts. But if we do development differently, it would help us avoid the pitfalls of marginalising actions designed solely for climate change. It would help us deepen the public acceptability for taking steps that may not be easy or convenient. I am not sure if I convinced the group of hardened climate negotiators as their world is narrowly focused on counting greenhouse gases. But let me explain this to you. India, like many other countries, has to ensure growth. This means providing millions with employment, healthcare, education and housing, and increasing energy supply. This has to be our development priority. But development will require taking action that meets the needs of all. So this calls for a change in strategy. We cannot afford a capital- and resource- intensive pathway that adds to environmental degradation and inequity in society. We have learnt over the past decades that we cannot adopt the western-country approach to first pollute and then clean up. We just do not have the financial wherewithal to keep repairing the damage. We have to reinvent growth and this is what many policies in India have done: they have built inclusive sustainability as an outcome of the development policy. This is the unique opportunity for countries like India—not to pit development against climate action but to subsume it within policies designed for growth. (Courtesy: Down To Earth; Writer is Director General of CSE and editor of Down To Earth, an environmentalist who pushes for changes in policies, practices and mindsets)

Bharat Forecast System: India launches world's most precise weather model to improve predictions

Data from the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) cited in the report highlighted that the total crop area damaged in 2024 due to extreme weather was higher than in previous years. In a major boost to India's weather prediction capabilities, the government on Monday unveiled the Bharat Forecasting System (BFS) — the world’s highest-resolution weather model, operating on a 6-kilometre grid. Developed by researchers including Parthasarathy Mukhopadhyay, the model aims to deliver more granular and accurate forecasts, especially for small-scale weather patterns. "This significant milestone represents a major leap in India's self-reliance in meteorological sciences, enabling more accurate and granular weather forecasts up to panchayat level for disaster risk reduction, agriculture, water resource management and public safety," a senior official from the Earth Sciences Ministry said. The BFS was made possible through the installation of Arka, a new supercomputer at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) campus last year. Arka boasts a computational capacity of 11.77 petaflops and a storage capacity of 33 petabytes. "The previous supercomputer 'Pratyush' used to take up to 10 hours to run the forecasting model. Arka performs the same data-crunching within four hours," Mukhopadhyay told news agency PTI. Union Earth Sciences Minister Jitendra Singh dedicated the Bharat Forecasting System to the nation at a function in New Delhi. — DrJitendraSingh (@DrJitendraSingh) According to M. Ravichandran, the BFS will leverage a network of 40 Doppler Weather Radars from across India to generate highly localised forecasts. “The BFS provides insight into weather events likely to take place in a grid of 6 km by 6 km against the earlier models that gave predictions for a 12 km grid,” he explained. The number of Doppler radars is expected to rise to 100, which would allow the weather office to issue nowcasts — short-term forecasts for the next two hours — for the entire country. The system offers high-resolution forecasts for the tropical region between 30 degrees South and 30 degrees North latitudes, which includes the Indian mainland spanning from 8.4 degrees to 37.6 degrees North. In comparison, Ravichandran pointed out that the global forecast models run by the European, British, and US weather offices operate at resolutions ranging from 9 km to 14 km. The BFS arrives at a critical time when weather anomalies are increasingly influencing India’s economy, particularly in the form of sticky food inflation. The government, in its latest Economic Survey, noted that frequent extreme weather events over the past two years have played a significant role in driving up food prices. Data from the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) cited in the report highlighted that the total crop area damaged in 2024 due to extreme weather was higher than in previous years. India Meteorological Department (IMD) data, according to the Economic Times, revealed a notable increase in the frequency of such events. Between 2022 and 2024, heatwaves were recorded on 18 per cent of days, a sharp rise from 5 per cent during 2020 and 2021. The Economic Survey recommended developing climate-resilient crops, improving data systems, and reducing both crop damage and post-harvest losses to achieve long-term price stability. Supporting these concerns, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in its monthly bulletin flagged the impact of weather anomalies on vegetable prices, stating that temperature anomalies have increased, prompting the need for temperature-resistant crop varieties. Despite these concerns, the bulletin noted that the inflation outlook has improved, with food inflation declining more than expected. However, weather-related and global risks continue to pose challenges.

Now, an EV dashboard to help motorists locate charging stations across city

The new portal also responds to findings from a Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) study which revealed that despite rapid growth in EV numbers, public awareness about charging station locations remains critically low. Kolkata: In a significant step towards transforming Kolkata's urban transport into a greener, cleaner system, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) unveiled a comprehensive electric vehicle (EV) dashboard and interactive map to help city motorists easily locate charging stations. Titled ‘Accelerating Net-Zero Transition of Public Transportation in Kolkata', the web portal is designed to address the city's growing demand for EV infrastructure by projecting long-term charging requirements up to 2050. The portal was recently launched at an energy conclave in Kolkata and aims to bridge the critical information gap about charging infrastructure for both residents and incoming EV traffic from neighbouring districts such as Howrah, North and South 24 Parganas. The real-time dashboard offers an interactive map displaying 166 existing charging stations for over 15,000 registered EVs in Kolkata. However, TERI officials caution that the real number of electric vehicles in the city is likely much higher, as a large portion of e-rickshaws and low-speed two-wheelers — travelling under 25 kmph — do not fall under the registered category and remain undocumented. With support from the Shakti Sustainable Energy Foundation, TERI commissioned the study and developed this digital tool as part of a broader roadmap to help Kolkata reach its net-zero targets. The new portal also responds to findings from a Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) study which revealed that despite rapid growth in EV numbers, public awareness about charging station locations remains critically low. Samik Dhar, a Kolkata-based EV owner, said: "The govt must include EV charging stations in road signage. So far, there is none." A K Saxena, a senior director at TERI, said: "With strategic recommendations on grid infrastructure, energy storage, and decentralised energy access, this portal lays out a clear roadmap for a sustainable and inclusive energy future. Bengal is actively pushing its e-mobility goals, with a target of 1,260 electric buses by 2025, up from the current 80."

Delhi में बारिश नहीं कहर! पानी में डूबी बस और कार कहीं आपकी गाड़ी भी ऐसे न डूब जाए!

सेंटर फॉर साइंस एंड एनवायरनमेंट की रिपोर्ट्स पहले भी चेतावनी देती रही हैं कि दिल्ली जैसे शहरों को मॉडर्न स्टॉर्म वॉटर मैनेजमेंट की सख्त जरूरत है लेकिन आज भी हालात वही हैं नालियों की सफाई समय पर नहीं होती और सीवर ओवरफ्लो हर बारिश में आम बात हो जाती है। दिल्ली में बारिश का कहर, सड़कों पर बही मुसीबत 25 मई 2025 की सुबह दिल्ली वालों के लिए परेशानी की नई तस्वीर लेकर आई दिल्ली कैंट इलाके में हुई भारी बारिश ने एक बार फिर राजधानी के ढीले इंफ्रास्ट्रक्चर की सच्चाई सामने रख दी। सोशल मीडिया पर वायरल हो रही ANI की पोस्ट में साफ देखा जा सकता है कि कैसे एक बस और एक कार पूरी तरह से पानी में डूबी हुई हैं यह सिर्फ एक इलाका नहीं बल्कि पूरे शहर की हालत बयान कर रहा है। दिल्ली के सफदरजंग वेधशाला में 81.4 मिमी बारिश दर्ज की गई यह बारिश सामान्य से कहीं ज्यादा थी लेकिन सवाल ये उठता है कि क्या हर बार मौसम को दोष देना ही काफी है, दिल्ली जैसे महानगर में हर साल यही नजारा देखने को मिलता है लोग परेशानी में होते हैं प्रशासन हर बार सिर्फ वादे करता है। 1976 की प्लानिंग से 2025 की दिल्ली कैसे बचेगी दिल्ली डिजास्टर मैनेजमेंट अथॉरिटी ने खुद मान लिया है कि राजधानी का ड्रेनेज सिस्टम अब पुराने जमाने की चीज बन चुका है। 1976 का मास्टर प्लान आज की जरूरतों को पूरा नहीं कर पा रहा, जितनी तेजी से दिल्ली में कंस्ट्रक्शन और जनसंख्या बढ़ी है उतनी तैयारी इंफ्रास्ट्रक्चर की नहीं हुई। दिल्ली मास्टर प्लान 2041 में बारिश के पानी के संरक्षण की बातें जरूर की गई हैं लेकिन उसमें जमीन पर लागू करने जैसा कुछ ठोस नहीं है खासकर घनी बस्तियों में कोई क्लियर प्लानिंग नहीं है जो हर साल की जलभराव की समस्या को सुलझा सके। एक्सपर्ट्स ने पहले ही चेताया था फिर क्यों नहीं सीखी सबक सेंटर फॉर साइंस एंड एनवायरनमेंट की रिपोर्ट्स पहले भी चेतावनी देती रही हैं कि दिल्ली जैसे शहरों को मॉडर्न स्टॉर्म वॉटर मैनेजमेंट की सख्त जरूरत है लेकिन आज भी हालात वही हैं नालियों की सफाई समय पर नहीं होती और सीवर ओवरफ्लो हर बारिश में आम बात हो जाती है। लोगों का कहना है कि अब सिर्फ प्लान और मीटिंग से काम नहीं चलेगा, सरकार को ग्राउंड लेवल पर काम करना होगा नहीं तो हर साल यही तस्वीरें दोहराई जाती रहेंगी। सोशल मीडिया पर लोग पूछ रहे हैं कि आखिर राजधानी में ये हालात कब तक सहने पड़ेंगे। जनता बेहाल सिस्टम ठप दिल्ली शर्मसार हर साल दिल्ली में यही कहानी दोहराई जाती है लोग ऑफिस नहीं पहुंच पाते स्कूल बंद हो जाते हैं ट्रैफिक घंटों जाम रहता है। फिर भी कोई ठोस कदम नहीं उठाया जाता, हर बार रिपोर्ट बनती है लेकिन कोई समाधान जमीन पर नहीं दिखता। सवाल ये है कि देश की राजधानी की ये तस्वीर क्या हमें स्वीकार है।

Emerging Opportunities In The Climate Tech Ecosystem

The State of India’s Environment Report 2025, released by the Centre for Science and Environment, states, “For the first generation of the 21st century — Generation Alpha — it is an inheritance of profound loss. For their predecessors, climate change has been an unfolding planetary emergency. But Generation Alpha — which will comprise an estimated two billion people by 2025, making it the largest generation in history — is enduring a climatologically changed, warmer planet.” The upcoming generations are facing a mammoth challenge. Moreover, India faces a multifold problem: as per the World Health Organisation, climate change can cause 2.5 Lakh additional deaths per year between 2030 and 2050 from malnutrition, diarrhoea and heat stress. As the scale of the impact is colossal, so is the opportunity to tackle it. “The first trillionaire on the planet will be someone solving climate problems," mentioned Nikhil Kamath, founder of Zerodha. Mr Kamath's comment highlights how climate change poses an opportunity to solve the biggest existential threat faced by humanity. Several strides have been made to tackle it. Understanding the emerging trends in the climate tech ecosystem can help startups and ecosystem players identify new opportunities and manage risks. Carbon credit trading scheme The Union Ministry of Power, through The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), announced a carbon credit trading scheme (CCTS) in June 2023. The BEE released a follow-up notification in March 2024. The scheme creates a policy environment where industries will get incentives for reducing GHG emissions and be penalised for non-compliance. It will be a market-driven approach that will entail trading carbon credit certificates. As per the expected timelines, carbon credit trading will start in October 2026. The CCTS scheme is a mandatory framework by the government to remove, avoid or reduce greenhouse gas emissions(GHG) in India. The CCTS is a significant opportunity for startups in the Climate tech space. Startups working in carbon capture, utilisation, and storage (CCUS), biofuels, industrial productivity solutions, and tech-in-nature-based solutions can monetise from deploying their solutions to emission-intensive industries. The scheme will also push corporations towards co-creating solutions with the startup ecosystem and open new avenues in climate corporate innovation. The CCTS also focuses on emission offsets. This means that an industry can compensate for its emissions by investing in projects that remove or store carbon. The offset projects can be mainly classified into four categories- Nature-Based Solutions (NBS): NBS relies on Natural ecosystems to absorb carbon. As per the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), NBS are "Actions to protect, manage and restore natural or modified ecosystems, which address societal challenges, effectively and adaptively, providing human well-being and biodiversity benefits." For instance, ‘Farmers for Forest’ provides farmers with monetary incentives to plant forests on degraded lands. They are able to incentivise the farmers through carbon finance (carbon credits). Currently, startups like Farmers for Forest rely on voluntary carbon markets. The implementation of CCTS may result in an influx of capital by the Indian companies in the NBS. Renewable Energy Projects: We see an increase in traction in renewable energy projects due to a host of government subsidies. The offset will add another layer of policy push for capital flow in renewable energy projects. Carbon Capture Utilisation and Storage(CCUS): As the name suggests, CCUS is a technology that can capture carbon and utilise or store it permanently, thus abating emissions. Startups working in CCUS are well-positioned to be approached by emission-intensive industries. These are the three main areas that will play a crucial role in offsetting industries' emissions. Hence, startups working in these areas have a great potential to deploy their solution at scale due to the conducive regulatory environment. The government has taken other policy initiatives like FAME I and II and National Missions for production-linked incentive (PLI) schemes for various sectors, which is creating a conducive ecosystem for climate tech startups. Science Based Targets Initiative (SBTi) The SBTi is an initiative by the UN Global Compact (UNGC), World Resources Institute (WRI), World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) and CDP (Carbon Disclosure Project). They provide a pathway for corporations to reduce emissions in accordance with the Paris Agreement goals. It's a voluntary initiative, and yet, across the globe, more than six thousand corporations are working with SBTi to reduce their emissions. Google is a signatory of the SBTI, and it has announced that it will procure 100,000 tons of biochar carbon removal from Varha, an Indian startup, by 2030. Biochar Carbon removal (BCR) is produced by partial combustion of biomass in the absence of oxygen. It is an efficient way of sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Enhanced rock weathering and direct air capture are other methods through which Carbon can be removed from the environment. Wipro, Mahindra & Mahindra, Dr Reddy’s Laboratories, ACC Limited and UltraTech Cement are a few of the corporations in India that have subscribed to the SBTi. It clearly underscores a massive opportunity which is unravelling for climate tech startups in years to come. There are several such trends defining the climate tech landscape in India. However, the regulatory push by the Carbon credit trading scheme and corporate initiative by the Science Based Targets initiative (SBTi) are fundamentally shaping the climate tech ecosystem. Understanding both of them is a crucial aspect of tapping the right opportunities for startups building in the climate tech ecosystem.

6-km precision: India’s new weather forecast model races ahead of UK, US and EU in accuracy race

Citing Centre for Science and Environment data, the survey noted that 2024 saw more crop damage than the previous two years due to such events. In a bid to sharpen weather predictions down to the village level, the Indian government on May 26 unveiled the Bharat Forecasting System (BFS) — the world’s most precise weather model operating on a 6-km grid. Union Minister of Earth Sciences Dr. Jitendra Singh inaugurated the world’s first indigenously developed high-resolution weather forecast systems at a launch ceremony held at Vigyan Bhawan today. Spearheaded by researchers, including Parthasarathy Mukhopadhyay, the breakthrough was enabled by the high-performance supercomputer Arka, installed at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology last year. With a processing speed of 11.77 petaflops, Arka crunches data in four hours, less than half the time taken by its predecessor, Pratyush. "The previous supercomputer 'Pratyush' used to take up to 10 hours to run the forecasting model. Arka performs the same data-crunching within four hours," Mukhopadhyay told PTI. At 6 km resolution, BFS becomes the only global numerical weather prediction system in the world at such granularity. In contrast, the global models run by European, British, and US weather agencies operate between 9 km and 14 km resolution. This new model significantly enhances India’s ability to forecast localised weather patterns. While older systems operated on a 12 km grid, BFS slices that range in half, providing detailed insight into 6x6 km zones — critical for nowcasting and real-time alerts. Supporting this effort is a network of 40 Doppler Weather Radars across India, which will feed data into the BFS. The radar count is expected to rise to 100, enabling the issuance of hyperlocal nowcasts — forecasts for the next two hours — nationwide.Designed for the tropical belt between 30° South and 30° North, BFS covers the full extent of India, which spans from 8.4°N to 37.6°N latitudes. The economic stakes are high. The government's Economic Survey pointed to persistent food inflation over the past two years, worsened by frequent extreme weather events. Citing Centre for Science and Environment data, the survey noted that 2024 saw more crop damage than the previous two years due to such events. The India Meteorological Department recorded a sharp spike in heatwaves — 18% of days between 2022 and 2024, up from 5% in 2020-21. In response, the survey advocates for climate-resilient crops, better price monitoring systems, and reduced post-harvest losses.

Uttar Pradesh’s leap in faecal sludge management—but can the system sustain it?

Five years ago, only one town in Uttar Pradesh had faecal sludge and septage management infrastructure. Today, there are 59. But sustaining it demands stronger operational and financial systems, as per a CSE study. In just five years, Uttar Pradesh has made big strides in managing toilet waste by setting up 59 faecal sludge treatment plants by the end of 2024—up from just one in 2018. This shows a strong push to improve sanitation, especially in places that rely on septic tanks and other on-site systems. But while building these plants is a big achievement, keeping them running smoothly is just as important. Their long-term success depends on how well they are operated and maintained. For towns without sewer lines, waste from toilets often goes into pit latrines, septic tanks or other onsite sanitation systems. This waste, called faecal sludge, needs to be collected, emptied, transported, treated, and safely disposed of or reused. That whole process, from emptying to treatment, is called Faecal Sludge and Septage Management (FSSM). It’s not just about creating infrastructure for each stage; it’s about making sure the system works smoothly with trained staff, proper contracts, and regular payments. But many plants remain underused or poorly maintained. A recent study by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) looked at the performance of operation and maintenance (O&M) models in faecal sludge and septage management plants across 21 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in Uttar Pradesh. They found that three main models are being used: plants run by local municipal bodies (ULBs), those managed by women’s self-help groups (SHGs), and ones handled by private contractors, highlighting their financial, operational, and institutional strengths and weaknesses. The report also offers pragmatic recommendations for improving the sustainability and scalability of these sanitation systems, with implications far beyond Uttar Pradesh. Each model has its own benefits and challenges. A closer look: How are these plants being managed? In faecal sludge treatment, infrastructure is only the beginning. The regular and reliable operation of these facilities is essential to safeguard public health, prevent environmental contamination, and promote water security. The CSE study finds that the actual utilisation and maintenance of these plants vary dramatically depending on the type of operations and management arrangement in place. From the study’s sample, eight plants are operated by ULBs, four by SHGs, and nine by private contractors. Each of these models comes with trade-offs in terms of cost-effectiveness, performance, and administrative feasibility.

Govt Launches ‘Bharat Forecasting System’: World’s Highest-Resolution Weather Model – Know How It Works & the Journey of India’s Meteorological

Data from the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) showed crop damage in 2024 surpassed that of previous years due to extreme weather. IMD data revealed a steep rise in heatwave frequency between 2022 and 2024, with heatwaves occurring on 18% of days, up from 5% in 2020-21. In a landmark development for meteorology in India, the government on Monday launched the Bharat Forecasting System (BFS) – the world’s highest-resolution weather model operating on a 6-kilometre grid. This cutting-edge numerical weather prediction system enables the government to offer highly localized forecasts, down to the panchayat level, significantly improving the accuracy of small-scale weather pattern predictions. Developed indigenously by researchers at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), including notable scientist Parthasarathy Mukhopadhayay, BFS leverages the powerful new supercomputer Arka, installed at the IITM campus last year. The supercomputer boasts an impressive processing capacity of 11.77 petaflops and a storage capacity of 33 petabytes, enabling the BFS to perform complex weather simulations at unparalleled speeds. Addressing India’s Increasing Extreme Weather Challenges The launch of BFS comes at a critical time as India grapples with severe and frequent extreme weather events. This month alone, intense dust storms and thunderstorms in Delhi and the National Capital Region caused at least 12 fatalities, disrupted flight operations, and resulted in widespread waterlogging and power outages. These incidents underscored the need for more precise forecasting to improve disaster preparedness and infrastructure resilience. According to IITM scientists, BFS has already been tested experimentally since 2022, demonstrating a 30% improvement in extreme rainfall forecasts and a 64% improvement in rainfall predictions over the core monsoon region. Furthermore, cyclone track and intensity forecasts have seen marked enhancements. This progress is attributed in large part to the enhanced computing power of Arka, which reduces forecasting runtime from 10 hours to just 4 hours. How Bharat Forecasting System Enhances Accuracy The BFS model predicts weather on a 6 km x 6 km grid, compared to earlier models that operated at 12 km resolution. This finer grid enables meteorologists to issue more localized weather warnings and nowcasts – short-term forecasts up to the next two hours. A network of 40 Doppler Weather Radars across the country feeds real-time data into BFS. The plan is to expand this network to 100 radars, ensuring comprehensive nowcasting capabilities nationwide. IITM director Suryachandra Rao explained that BFS provides 6 km resolution forecasts across the tropics (30°S to 30°N), with slightly lower resolution (7-8 km) near the poles. This surpasses the global forecast models used by Europe, Britain, and the US, which operate on 9 to 14 km grids. How the Bharat Forecasting System Works The Bharat Forecasting System (BFS) is a numerical weather prediction model that uses advanced computer simulations to predict weather patterns with unprecedented precision. Here’s how it works: Data Collection from Observations: BFS gathers real-time atmospheric data from a vast network of instruments, including 40 Doppler Weather Radars spread across India. These radars measure rainfall intensity, wind speed, and storm movement in fine detail. This network is planned to expand to 100 radars to improve coverage further. High-Resolution Grid System: The model divides the atmosphere into a grid of 6 km by 6 km squares, a much finer scale compared to previous models that used 12 km grids. This finer grid allows BFS to capture small-scale weather phenomena like localized thunderstorms and heavy rainfall more accurately. Supercomputer Processing Power: The heart of BFS is the supercomputer Arka installed at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM). With a processing power of 11.77 petaflops, Arka crunches enormous volumes of data using complex mathematical equations that simulate atmospheric physics. This supercomputer runs the weather model much faster than before, reducing forecast times from 10 hours to around 4 hours. Mathematical Simulation of Weather: BFS uses numerical equations that represent atmospheric processes – such as temperature changes, humidity, wind patterns, and air pressure – to simulate how weather systems evolve over time. By iterating these calculations across each grid cell, BFS predicts weather developments up to several days ahead. Localized Forecast Output: The system produces detailed forecasts that can zoom into very local areas, including small towns and panchayats. This enables authorities and citizens to receive timely and precise weather warnings, allowing better preparation for events like heavy rainfall, cyclones, or heatwaves. Continuous Updates and Nowcasting: BFS incorporates data continuously from weather radars and satellites, updating forecasts frequently. This capability allows for “nowcasting” – very short-term forecasts covering the next 1-2 hours – essential for warning about rapidly developing weather events. By combining cutting-edge computing, high-resolution data, and advanced simulation techniques, BFS significantly enhances India’s ability to predict and prepare for weather extremes. Strategic Benefits Beyond Meteorology Union Earth Sciences Minister Jitendra Singh officially dedicated the BFS to the nation, calling it a “major leap in India’s self-reliance in meteorological sciences.” The system’s enhanced granularity will support disaster risk reduction, agriculture planning, water resource management, and public safety. Mrutyunjay Mohapatra, Director General of the India Meteorological Department (IMD), highlighted BFS’s importance for strategic sectors like defense and emergency response, emphasizing its role in improving rescue and relief operations. Economic Implications of Improved Weather Forecasting India’s economy, particularly its agricultural sector, is heavily impacted by weather variability. The government’s latest Economic Survey pointed out that extreme weather events have caused increasing crop damage, exacerbating food inflation – already a persistent issue over the past two years. Data from the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) showed crop damage in 2024 surpassed that of previous years due to extreme weather. IMD data revealed a steep rise in heatwave frequency between 2022 and 2024, with heatwaves occurring on 18% of days, up from 5% in 2020-21.

The Heatwave: A Geographer’s Insight into Kashmir’s Rising Thermal Extremes

Research by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) indicates that black carbon loading on snowfields has sped up glacier melting and caused local warming in Kashmir. This contributes to warming’s feedback loop: increased melt results in increased heat absorption, which results in additional melting. The Kashmir Valley, which has historically experienced mild summers and snowy winters, is presently seeing an unexpected shift in its climate, with heat waves returning and getting stronger. With meteorological data indicating a worrying rise in the greatest temperatures from important locations in the area, such as Srinagar, Gulmarg, Pahalgam, Qazigund and Kokernag, this has been increasingly noticeable since 2020. Breaking all time record Temperature in valley hit new heights on 22 May, setting new records and taking the region to its limits of heat. Srinagar saw a sizzling 34.4°C, a new high, while Qazigund recorded 33.4°C, Kokernag 33.2°C, and even the cooler Pahalgam reaching 27.8°C. These were record highs for some of these places during the month of May. The scorching temperature forced individuals to stay indoors, particularly in cities where concrete infrastructure made the heat more unbearable by trapping it. Outdoor events were significantly curtailed as the suffocating conditions lasted. In turn, the administration made official announcements of heat wave warnings and public health alerts, calling on citizens to drink plenty of fluids, stay away from direct sunlight, and keep a special eye on vulnerable populations like children and the elderly. In the interest of health and students’ safety, the Directorate of School Education changed school hours for both government and private schools. The classes would start earlier in the morning to escape the hottest part of the day. Hospitals are gearing up to handle patient flow with cases of increase in dehydration, heat stress, and sunstroke, especially among children and elderly. This is not the first time but the frequency of heatwaves have been observed in valley from past few years when in August 2020, Srinagar had 35.7°C, the highest August temperature in almost four decades. This was again followed by an abnormal peak in July 2021 when Srinagar reached 35.0°C, which was the highest July temperature in eight years. This further intensified in June 2023, when the same city reached 35.0°C, tying for the highest June temperature in the last ten years. In September 2023, Srinagar reported an abnormal high of 34.2°C, the second highest-ever temperature for September since 1891, according to the India Meteorological Department (IMD). Early 2024 saw January’s unprecedented average maximum of 11.7°C tie the highest January ever in 1902 and 2001.The situation took a turn for the worse in May 2024, when several records were broken across the valley. On May 23, Srinagar reported 32.2°C, the highest May temperature in more than a decade. Qazigund recorded an all-time high of 34.0°C on May 27, breaking the previous record of 33.6°C set in 1981. Pahalgam, a popular hill resort, recorded 28.6°C in the same month, its second-highest in 23 years, after 30.8°C recorded in 2000. Kokernag reported 31.6°C in May 2024, the second-highest in 22 years. Once again in July 2024, Srinagar reached 36.2°C, the highest July day in the past 25 years. This dramatic upward trend in summer temperatures is typical of a larger pattern associated with regional climate change. A number of scientific studies blame this trend for being caused by global warming due to greenhouse gas emissions. The Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) states that Himalayan places such as Kashmir are heating up at almost twice the global average. This is exacerbated by domestic factors like widespread deforestation, hasty urbanization, and growing infrastructure. The construction of highways, railways, transmission lines, housing colonies, and industry units has decreased natural cover and enhanced land heat absorption. Glacier and snowpack melting in the higher Himalayas has added to this warming via decreased albedo—less snow results in more solar radiation being absorbed instead of reflected. Satellite imagery from ISRO and studies by the Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE) indicate that key glaciers feeding the Jhelum and Lidder rivers have shrunk by over 15% in the last two decades. This not only contributes to local warming but also reduces water availability during peak summer months. Land use changes are playing a significant role as well. Wider urban habitations and lesser forest cover have formed urban heat islands, particularly in lower-altitude towns such as Anantnag, Pulwama Baramulla, and Budgam. Heatwaves are no longer limited to Srinagar; rural and hill districts, earlier regarded as cool belts, are witnessing excessive heat. Statistics provided by the Jammu and Kashmir State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA) indicate that the number of heat stress calls and hospitalizations for heat exhaustion grew more than 200% between 2020 and 2025. Another underappreciated culprit is the build-up of black carbon—fine aerosol particles from fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning, and diesel emissions. Research by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) indicates that black carbon loading on snowfields has sped up glacier melting and caused local warming in Kashmir. This contributes to warming’s feedback loop: increased melt results in increased heat absorption, which results in additional melting. The consequences of increasing heatwaves are threatening. Agriculture, the backbone of Kashmir’s economy, is under serious threat. Apple orchards in Sopore and Shopian, saffron fields in Pampore, and rice paddies in Anantnag are suffering from heat stress. Premature ripening, flower drop, and decreased yields have been observed by field experts at SKUAST-Kashmir. Water supplies are being stressed by premature snowmelt, which disturbs the magnitude and timing of river flow. This has impacts on irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and domestic supply. Public health effects are increasing too. Heat illnesses like dehydration, sunstroke, and heat-induced cardiovascular disease have increased, particularly in May and July, as per a 2025 report by the Directorate of Health Services. The susceptible group—elderly, children, and outdoor workers—are disproportionately affected. Tourism, a vital source of income for the region, is not spared. The reputation of Kashmir as a cool summer destination remains shaken when heatwaves overlap with tourist peak season. Even upper-altitude spots like Pahalgam and Gulmarg witnessed temperature hikes-putting impact on tourism sector. The increasing heat wave trend in Kashmir Valley is an environmental crisis that is a combination of global climate disturbance as well as local mismanagement of natural resources. The combined effect of global warming, glacial melting, land-use alteration, and pollution has altered the climatic character of the valley. If left unabated, the valley could see irreparable ecological, economic, and public health impacts over the next few decades. Urgent policy action, sustainable development planning, and community-based climate adaptation are essential to safeguard Kashmir’s environmental heritage and human well-being. The Author is Environmental Geographer and teaches Geography at Altaf Memorial Government Degree College Kelam Kulgam

From Crores To Course Correction: The Yamuna Needs Smarter Action

Delhi boasts 37 sewage treatment plants and 80% sewer connectivity, yet Yamuna stays choked with waste. A new CSE report calls for a shift in focus to real outcomes rather than infra alone Between 2017 and 2022, the Delhi government spent over Rs 6,856 crore to clean the Yamuna, commissioning 37 sewage treatment plants (STPs) and expanding sewer coverage to 80 per cent of the city. But despite the massive investments and infrastructure, the river remains toxic and biologically dead for most of its 22-kilometre journey through the capital.

Why More People Are Replacing Cement with Lime Plaster in Indian Homes

Centre for Science and Environment often promote lime-based heritage practices. Eco-building Think back to the last time you visited an old Indian home — a haveli in Rajasthan, a Chettinad mansion in Tamil Nadu, or even a village house in coastal Kerala. Remember how cool and calm it felt inside, even without fans or air conditioning? That comfort wasn’t accidental. It was built into the walls themselves. For centuries, Indian homes used natural, climate-responsive materials like mud, wood, and lime plaster. These materials didn’t fight the weather — they worked with it. Today, as cement homes crack under heat and humidity, it might be time to bring some of that wisdom back. Lime plaster: India’s age-old, climate-smart secret Lime plaster is a traditional mix of calcium hydroxide and sand, sometimes enhanced with natural additives like jaggery, fenugreek seeds, or bael fruit. This humble blend formed the skin of our homes for generations—from palaces and forts to temples and village homes. A great example is the Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal in Madurai. Its lime-plastered halls stay naturally cool, even during peak summer. There’s no AC, no fancy insulation—just good design and timeless materials. So what changed? After Independence, cement became the go-to material. It promised speed, strength, and modernity. But with those promises came problems. Cement doesn’t breathe. It traps heat. It can crack easily under seasonal stress. Over time, moisture seeps in, leading to damp walls, peeling paint, and even structural issues. And let’s not forget: cement production is one of the biggest contributors to carbon emissions globally. Why lime plaster deserves a comeback — especially now As India faces record-breaking heat and the need for greener living, lime plaster offers a quiet, powerful solution: 1. It keeps homes cool Lime reflects sunlight and helps regulate temperature. It doesn’t trap heat like concrete, which means cooler interiors even during intense summers. 2. It breathes Lime allows moisture to escape. This reduces dampness, bubbling paint, and mould—a huge benefit in humid or coastal areas. 3. It doesn’t crack easily Unlike rigid cement, lime expands and contracts with temperature shifts. That flexibility means fewer cracks and repairs. 4. It’s better for the planet Lime requires less energy to produce, and it absorbs carbon dioxide as it sets. It can also be recycled, making it a win for sustainability. 5. It revives Indian craftsmanship Using lime supports traditional artisans and brings back aesthetic richness to modern homes. It’s a way of reconnecting with India’s architectural heritage. How you can bring lime back into your own home You don’t have to rebuild from scratch to benefit from lime. Here are a few simple, practical ways to start: Talk to your contractor or mason Ask if they have experience with lime plaster. Many skilled masons and artisans still use it for restoration or eco-building projects. Try limewash paint for interiors Lime-based paints are breathable, anti-fungal, and naturally cooling. They come in subtle, earthy shades and can be used on both interior and exterior walls. Start small: where to use lime at home Lime plaster works beautifully in spaces that need thermal comfort or moisture control. Try it in bedrooms to reduce heat, in kitchens and bathrooms to combat dampness, or even on balcony walls that get direct sun. Planning a renovation? Choose lime over cement If you’re redoing walls, lime is a sustainable, low-maintenance alternative that gets better with time. Resources to explore Organisations like INTACH and Centre for Science and Environment often promote lime-based heritage practices. Eco-building collectives such as “Made In Earth” (Bengaluru) or “The Earth Home” (Goa) offer consultations, materials, or workshops. For paints, look up brands offering limewash or mineral paints like LimeCoat or Back to Earth. Rediscovering lime plaster isn’t about looking back with nostalgia. It’s about moving forward with insight. As our homes heat up and cement shows its limits, lime gives us a way to build that’s cooler, healthier, and more aligned with the planet. Maybe the future of Indian homes doesn’t lie in something new, but in something ancient—quiet, resilient, and wise.

Ozone Pollution: The Hidden Threat Behind Declining Crop Yields And Rising Food Shortages

Summer has arrived, and with it, ozone pollution is rapidly increasing in the air across many parts of India, including Delhi. This rising ozone pollution could lead to a food crisis in the future. A study by researchers from IIT Kharagpur found that ozone pollution might cause a decline in the yield of wheat, rice (paddy) and maize in India. According to scientists, if ozone pollution isn't controlled, India could see a 20 per cent reduction in wheat production and a 7 per cent reduction in rice and maize crops by 2050. Scientists at IIT Kharagpur utilised data from the climate model (CMIP6) for their study, which is aimed at understanding the impact of increasing ozone pollution on major food crops in India. Vivek Chattopadhyay, a scientist at the Centre for Science and Environment who has extensively worked on air pollution, explains that ozone is an oxidant and damages the leaves and tissues of plants. Its effects cause green leaves to turn yellow. He said that plant leaves are damaged in two stages: the first is chlorosis, where leaves turn yellow, and the second is necrosis, where the leaf cells are damaged. Ozone also harms the stomata, the tiny pores on the underside of leaves through which plants exchange gases. During the summer, polluted smoke containing nitrogen dioxide, released from vehicles and power plants, reacts with the sun's heat to form oxygen (which then contributes to ozone formation). ADVERTISEMENT Jagran2Jagran2 Ozone is also an extremely dangerous pollutant gas. It is also a greenhouse gas that promotes climate change. To control ozone pollution, we need to curb pollution from vehicles and power plants. Additionally, technology must be used at petrol pumps to prevent the evaporation of petrol fumes into the air while refuelling. Ozone pollution has emerged as a major problem not just in India but in many countries around the world. ozonepollution Several studies are ongoing to understand the impact of ozone pollution on crop production. Dr Naresh Kumar, a scientist with the Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR), a government institution, states that ozone levels above 40 ppb in the air harm plants. Ozone disrupts the process of photosynthesis in plants, weakening them and affecting their yield. He also notes that urea and other fertilisers used in fields can contribute to ozone formation in hot weather. However, he cautions that it would be premature to definitively state the extent of damage to crops from ozone alone, as climate change and various other factors also influence plant health and productivity. Vivek A recent report from the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) claims a worrying increase in ozone pollution levels in several Indian cities. Dr Vivek Chattopadhyay says that we found in our study that earlier the problem of ozone pollution was only in summer, but now it has become a year-round problem. This problem has increased a lot, especially in the southern and western coastal metropolitan areas. Generally, an increase in ozone pollution is seen only when there is sunlight, heat is high, and pollutants from vehicle smoke are present in the air. But we found in our study that the level of ozone in the air remains high even after sunset in metropolitan cities. The special thing about ozone pollution is that it is in the form of gas. In such a situation, Delhi's ozone pollution can reach the surrounding areas through the air where there is no source of pollution. In such a situation, people of a very large area come under the grip of this pollution. Ozone Is Poisoning The Air We Breath According to Dr Narendra Saini, Chairman of the Scientific Committee of the Delhi Medical Council, the rising ozone levels in the air are quite dangerous. It directly affects our lungs. Increased ozone in the air can lead to problems like chest pain, coughing, throat irritation and inflammation of the respiratory tract while breathing. Lung function can also decrease. Ozone can worsen conditions like bronchitis and asthma. Ozone can also cause cardiovascular diseases that affect the heart. Prolonged exposure to ozone through breathing can even increase the risk of diseases like cancer. Narendrasaini Impact of Increased Ozone on Maize Production Damage to the ozone layer is leading to a decrease in global maize production. This revelation comes from a study conducted by the USDA ARS Global Change and Photosynthesis Research Unit, a research arm of the US Agriculture Department. According to the report, the damage to the lower levels of the ozone layer has resulted in reduced maize crop yields. When the lower ozone layer is harmed, certain sun rays penetrate to the Earth's surface that disrupt the chemical balance in maize leaves. Researchers at the University of Illinois in Chicago have been studying the effects of ozone pollution on crops for 20 years at a specialized farm where different ozone levels are tested on crops. The scientists studied three varieties of maize and found that hybrid crops experienced up to a 25 per cent reduction in yield due to the impact of ozone. However, traditional varieties were not significantly affected. Furthermore, hybrid maize plants subjected to ozone's effects showed signs of premature ageing. RamChet Dr Ram Chet Chaudhary, former Chief Technical Advisor and Project Manager at the World Food Organisation (United Nations), states that, along with climate change, damage to the ozone layer has a direct impact on crops. Due to the effect of ozone, a lot of the energy produced in plant leaves is destroyed. Additionally, the tissues in the leaves are also damaged. He emphasizes the need to improve the environment and for the future, develop more resistant crop varieties. What Is Solution In its study on ozone pollution, CSE (Centre for Science and Environment) has offered some suggestions. It states that due to ozone's complex chemical structure, it's difficult to track and control. There's a need to establish a system for its tracking and control. According to global experiences, as the level of particulate matter in the air decreases, the levels of nitrogen oxides and ground-level ozone tend to increase. Therefore, to control ozone, there should be strict regulations to curb emissions from industries, vehicles, homes and open burning. Ozone spreads far and wide from cities and increases pollution. This requires monitoring at local and regional levels. (This article was translated forJagran English by Akansha Pandey.)