• Down To Earth

While temperatures hit close to 50o Celsius, Indian parties say little about climate change

New Delhi (AsiaNews) – India’s elections are taking place amid a stifling heat wave. Over the last few weeks, the country’s media have frequently reported on the inconveniences caused by the great heat. Today, at least nine people died in the Indian state of Rajasthan from an apparent heatstroke. Yesterday, the temperature reached 48.8o Celsius in the city of Barmer, while in the Indian capital of New Delhi, voters are called to cast their ballot tomorrow with the temperature expected to reach 45o Celsius. Several events were cancelled due to the unbearable heat and many attributed the low turnout in the first phase (out of seven till June) to the scorching heat, which discouraged people from leaving their homes. Yet, climate change continues to be largely absent from political debates. April and May have always been the hottest months in India, but climate change in recent years has worsened the situation, causing more extensive, frequent, and intense heat waves. According to a report by the Centre for Science and Environment, a research organisation based in New Delhi, India experienced extreme weather for about 90 per cent of the time in 2023. Last year, monsoons killed 523 people, the highest number ever recorded, causing US$ 2.5 billion in damage. Roxy Mathew Koll, a climatologist at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, explained that “floods have increased threefold since the 1950s and cyclones have increased by 50 per cent since the 1980s.” Only in 2019 did the ruling Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and the main opposition party, the Indian National Congress (INC), refer to climate change in their election posters. In this election cycle, the parties have presented plans to improve India's climate resilience, but in a very general way and without ever focusing on them during election rallies. According to a 2022 survey, between 1999 and 2019, only 0.3 per cent of all parliamentary questions were about the climate crisis. Yet for many Indians, the climate emergency is very important. In a survey two years ago, 81 per cent of respondents said they were "very concerned" about climate change. Issues related to religion, caste and occupation still shape voting behaviour of most Indians, Koll noted, but climate does play an important role when "the entire community is affected". About 25,000 voters in Ennore, a neighbourhood in Chennai, the capital of Tamil Nadu on the Bay of Bengal, initially planned to boycott the elections in part because they got no government support after Cyclone Michaung devastated the eastern coast of southern India in December. The boycott was later called off after the local government said it would address the issue following the vote. “The politics of climate change in India is just not labelled neatly as 'climate change' but it does not mean that climate change is not shaping Indian politics," said Aditya Valiathan Pillai, a fellow at the New Delhi-based Sustainable Futures Collaborative, an independent climate change research organisation. Most policies focus primarily on coping with the consequences of climate change rather than on the climate emergency itself, he explained. In Sikkim, where elections to Parliament and the state assembly are being held concurrently, former Chief Minister Pawan Kumar Chamling has vowed to suspend construction of large hydropower projects after a glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) last year swept away a dam and thousands of homes and infrastructure, killing a hundred people. After the tragedy, environmentalists pointed out that the local government had been repeatedly warned about the risks of expanding the hydroelectric network. Other local initiatives in individual Indian states in recent years have proven effective (in Telangana, for example, roofs are painted white and new heatwave wards have been created in hospitals), but these measures have limited effectiveness when implemented on a small scale.

• Industrial Pollution

CSE finds gaps in India's corporate green reporting, suggests reforms

India's top-listed companies are reporting their environmental and sustainability performance as mandated by SEBI. However, a new assessment by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) found that these submissions lack critical details and relevant information. In May 2021, SEBI launched the Business Responsibility and Sustainability Reporting (BRSR) initiative, requiring the top 1,000 listed companies to disclose non-financial data, including "environmental stewardship," from 2021 to 2023. CSE reviewed 28 reports from 14 of these companies for the financial years 2021-22 and 2022-23. ADVERTISEMENT In May 2021, SEBI launched the ‘Business Responsibility and Sustainability Reporting (BRSR)’ initiative, requiring the top 1,000 listed companies in India to disclose their non-financial data, including "environmental stewardship,” from 2021 to 2023. The BRSR framework mandates the disclosure of data for both the current and the previous financial year. CSE reviewed 28 reports from 14 top companies for their assessment, titled "Strengthening Environmental Reporting under BRSR (Business Responsibility and Sustainability Reporting)," which focuses on the companies' environmental actions and records. ADVERTISEMENT Nivit Yadav, Programme Director of Industrial Pollution at CSE, stated, “We reviewed the reports for two consecutive years—2021-22 and 2022-23—and analyzed the data for three consecutive years: 2020-21 to 2022-23. We have aimed to strengthen the format to ensure quality data is available for use by policymakers and investors.” Shobhit Srivastava, Deputy Programme Manager of Industrial Pollution at CSE, added, “We selected the 14 companies based on sector diversity and report availability. The selection was random to ensure broad representation.” ADVERTISEMENT According to CSE, the problem lies in the BRSR format and questionnaire design, which allows incomplete information submissions. This undermines the initiative's purpose: creating a robust reporting structure for Indian companies to aid investors' decisions. Key shortcomings identified Consolidated company data vs unit-specific data: Averages that combine good and poor-performing units fail to represent a company's true sustainability performance. Lack of rationale: The current format makes it difficult to understand reasons behind reported parameter value changes. Companies tweaking questionnaires: Some selectively provided, added, or deleted data to present information as per their convenience. Critical indicators like water withdrawal, consumption, and discharge are listed as 'voluntary' rather than 'mandatory.' CSE Recommendations Adopt a sector-specific approach, similar to international frameworks, to aid analysis and comparison. Update the BRSR guidance document to clarify reporting requirements for parameters like air emissions. Include CSE-suggested table formats for consistent data capture from companies. Mandate separate accounting for non-hazardous and hazardous waste, including management and disposal details. Require companies to report specific energy consumption (SEC) and specific water consumption (SWC) per unit of product to reflect overall efficiency. Nivit Yadav, Programme Director at CSE, emphasized the importance of transparent environmental data sharing for investors' decision-making in the era of climate change and resource scarcity. CSE hopes SEBI will consider its recommendations in the next review of the BRSR format and guidance note to strengthen corporate environmental reporting in India.

• Industrial Pollution

SEBI prods companies to report on their ‘green’ performance; CSE says the move commendable, but needs more teeth

Indian companies, nudged by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), have started reporting on their environmental and sustainability performance, but their submissions lack details and relevant information – finds a survey and assessment done by Centre for Science and Environment (CSE). In May 2021, SEBI, in a welcome move, had launched an initiative called ‘Business Responsibility and Sustainability Reporting (BRSR)’. Under it, the Board wanted the top 1,000 listed companies in India – identified based on their worth in the stock market — to disclose their non-financial data from 2021 to 2023, including data on “environmental stewardship”. SEBI’s BRSR framework asks for this data for two financial years: the current and the previous. CSE has reviewed 28 reports submitted by 14 of these top companies. Its assessment, titled ‘Strengthening Environmental Reporting under BRSR (Business Responsibility and Sustainability Reporting)’, is largely focused on data provided by the companies pertaining to their actions and records on environmental stewardship. Says Nivit Yadav, programme director, industrial pollution, CSE: “We have reviewed the reports for two consecutive years — 2021-22 and 2022-23 — and also analysed the data for three consecutive years: 2020-21 to 2022-23. The primary aim behind our assessment has been to find out how the format can be strengthened to get quality data out in the public domain, which can then be used by policymakers and investors for more informed decision-making.” Shobhit Srivastava, deputy programme manager, industrial pollution, CSE adds: “The criteria for selection of the 14 companies was to have as much diversity as possible in terms of the sector. The selection is random as well, and is based on the availability of reports.” The problem lies, says CSE, in the way the BRSR format and questionnaire has been designed, and the kind of questions that have been asked of the companies — it leaves room for submission of information which is incomplete, thus defeating the purpose behind the entire exercise: that of creating a reporting structure for Indian companies that would help investors make rational decisions. What ails the existing reporting guidelines? Consolidated company data vs unit-specific data: “Consolidated company data is not always useful,” says Srivastava. An average value which takes into account both good and bad units cannot represent the sustainability of a company, says the CSE assessment. Instead, sustainability can be judged effectively if poor or average performing units are identified and a roadmap is prepared for them to improve their performance on various indicators. Data without the rationale behind it: The current BRSR format makes it difficult to understand the reasons behind increase or decrease in values and numbers of the parameters. Companies tweaking the questionnaire: Companies have often provided data selectively, as per their understanding, and added or deleted rows of information as per their convenience. It should not be left to them to decide how they wish to present the data. Some important indicators categorised as ‘voluntary’, not ‘mandatory: Some key indicators such as water withdrawal, consumption and discharge have been placed under ‘Leadership Indicators’, where companies can share information voluntarily. These can be moved to the ‘Essential Indicators’ category, which lists mandatory data points that need to be provided mandatorily. Says Yadav: “The BRSR questionnaire has some problems. For example the format does not seek information on the type of fuels used by a company, or the sources of renewable and non-renewable energy, or how is the undischarged treated water being used. In the case of hazardous and non-hazardous wastes generated by a company, information on waste-wise management and disposal is critical – but the questionnaire does not ask for it.” What CSE recommends Opt for a sector-specific approach: The existing disclosure format conceived by SEBI is generic in nature and does not contain sector-specific guidelines. CSE’s assessment indicates that a sector-specific approach – similar to ones followed by international frameworks — might be more useful for analysis and comparison while reporting. Since BRSR is aimed at helping investors finance environmentally responsible companies, a sector-specific format would help them gain an easy, holistic and comprehensive understanding when they prepare to invest in a specific sector. Update the BRSR guidance document: The BRSR questionnaire and format were reviewed in July 2023, but the guidance document has not been updated alongside. There are certain parameters in which the document has not given sufficient clarifications on the information to be provided. A case in point is that of questions that have been asked on air emissions – the guidance document does not offer any directions on how companies should report the data in the format provided. Include table formats (as suggested by CSE) to enable data capture: Companies have often provided data as per their understanding, and added or deleted rows as per their convenience. It should not be left to companies to decide how they wish to present the data. A proper format with specific tables will help in extracting the required information. For this purpose, SEBI can publish the BRSR questionnaire as a protected spreadsheet with the provision of including the responses from industries, but with no option of editing the format. Non-hazardous and hazardous wastes should be accounted for separately: Though SEBI has asked for data on generation of different types of waste, when it comes to management and disposal mechanisms, the only information that has been asked for is whether waste is recycled, reused or disposed of. SEBI should also seek information on waste generation and disposal in the top three waste streams under both hazardous and non-hazardous categories. There should be a separate section as well on plastic waste, e-waste, biomedical waste and other types of waste that do not result from manufacturing operations. Mandate specific energy and water consumption data: The BRSR format carries an optional parameter on energy and water intensity – it is up to the company to report on it. CSE recommends that companies should be asked to give specific energy consumption (SEC) data in kilowatt (kw) or megawatt (mw)/tonne of the product; and specific water consumption (SWC) figures in cubic metre (m3)/tonne of the product. This data will clearly reflect the overall energy and water efficiency of the manufacturing process of a company. To make things easier for SEBI, says Srivastava, the CSE assessment has provided table formats and templates for different parameters to facilitate more clarity on the data that must be provided by the companies. Yadav points out: “The BRSR framework is the first attempt by any regulatory authority or agency in India to mandate the sharing of such detailed environmental performance and compliance data in the public domain – sharing of such data in a transparent manner should be one of the key drivers in decision-making by investors in today’s era of climate change where resource availability is becoming a serious issue.” “However, we see a lot of scope for improvement in the BRSR framework – our aim is to help strengthen it for ensuring better quality reporting by the companies. SEBI conducts periodic reviews of the BRSR format and guidance note. Whenever SEBI reviews it next, we are hoping it will consider CSE’s recommendations which can help collect more meaningful information and data from the companies, which can be beneficial for investors during decision-making,” Yadav adds.

• Down To Earth

Weather: लू के दिनों में चार गुना इजाफा, 23 राज्यों पर भीषण गर्मी का कहर; पहाड़ी राज्यों पर भी अब असर

Weather: रिपोर्ट के अनुसार, साल 2022 में शुरुआती लू की आशंका 30 गुना अधिक थी। यह साल पांचवां सबसे गर्म रहा, जबकि 2023 अब तक का सबसे गर्म साल रहा है। 2015 से 2024 के बीच देश में अत्यधिक गर्मी प्रभावित राज्यों की संख्या 17 से बढ़कर 23 पहुंच गई है। धरती के बढ़ते ताप की वजह से देश में बीते 10 साल में लू प्रभावित राज्यों की संख्या में 35 फीसदी का इजाफा हुआ है और इनकी संख्या 23 हो गई है, जबकि गर्म लहरों के दिनों में राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर औसतन चार गुना की बढ़ोतरी हुई है। यह जानकारी भारतीय मौसम विभाग (आईएमडी), राष्ट्रीय आपदा प्रबंधन प्राधिकरण (एनडीएमए) और राष्ट्रीय रोग नियंत्रण केंद्र (एनसीडीसी) की संयुक्त रिपोर्ट में सामने आई है। रिपोर्ट के अनुसार, साल 2022 में शुरुआती लू की आशंका 30 गुना अधिक थी। यह साल पांचवां सबसे गर्म रहा, जबकि 2023 अब तक का सबसे गर्म साल रहा है। 2015 से 2024 के बीच देश में अत्यधिक गर्मी प्रभावित राज्यों की संख्या 17 से बढ़कर 23 पहुंच गई है। राज्यों की इस सूची में अरुणाचल प्रदेश, तमिलनाडु, केरल, हिमाचल प्रदेश, जम्मू-कश्मीर और उत्तराखंड का नाम शामिल हुआ है, जहां मैदानी राज्यों की तरह भीषण गर्मी और गर्म हवाओं के चलते जनजीवन काफी प्रभावित हो रहा है। रिपोर्ट में साफ तौर पर कहा है कि गर्मी का यह ट्रेंड जलवायु परिवर्तन के प्रभावों को साबित करता है। 2014 से पहले तमिलनाडु और केरल जैसे तटीय और हिमाचल व अरुणाचल प्रदेश जैसे पहाड़ी राज्यों में गर्म लहरें यानी लू का असर नहीं था, लेकिन पिछले कुछ वर्षों में खासतौर पर कोरोना महामारी के बाद 2021 से 2023 के बीच काफी तेजी से मौसम में बदलाव आया है। सेंटर फॉर साइंस एंड एनवायरनमेंट (सीएसई) ने हाल ही में बताया कि 2023 में 329 दिन लू का असर रहा जो 2022 में 203 दिन था। वहीं, 2014 से 2023 के बीच राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर औसतन लू प्रभावित दिनों की संख्या 7.4 से बढ़कर 32.2 दिन तक पहुंच गई है।

• Clean Air & Sustainable Mobility

Missing from AAP, BJP and Congress discussion — Delhi’s pollution crisis

Every fall when a brown haze engulfs Delhi, lasting all through winter, the hazardous levels of air pollution take centre stage in politics. This key issue, however, is glaringly absent from the Lok Sabha poll pitches of the AAP, BJP and Congress. This even as study after study shows the impact of Delhi’s toxic air on the lives of its residents. The World Air Quality Report, prepared by IQAir, said Delhi was the most polluted capital city in the world in 2023 — its air quality had worsened last year when compared to 2022. But the public health problem is not Delhi’s alone as multiple states, especially neighbouring Haryana and Punjab, contribute to the pollution load. In the BJP and Congress manifestos, the only specific mention of air pollution is a reference to the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP). Both manifestos, however, refer to renewable energy — the Congress manifesto includes a promise to provide clean cooking fuel at affordable prices, while the BJP one includes a mention of electric buses and “ethanol and bio-fuel promotion”. NCAP was launched by the Union government in January 2019, with a target of reducing PM 10 and PM 2.5 levels by 20% to 30% by 2024, compared to 2017 levels, and achieving national ambient air quality standards by 2025-26. BJP: The section in its manifesto on ‘improving air quality’ states: “We have initiated the NCAP framework, aimed at reducing air pollution across 131 cities. Further, we will ensure NCAP effectively achieves and maintains the designated annual average ambient air quality standards in all regions of the nation, especially achieving National Air Quality Standards in 60 Cities by 2029.” When Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressed his first campaign rally in Delhi Saturday, he made one reference to the environment — “to deal with environment-related problems, the Indian government took an important step… (it) is giving e-buses to big cities, including Delhi, both for convenience of Delhi’s people and to protect the environment”. The issue does not seem to be a priority of the party’s candidates and is largely missing from poll campaigns. On Tuesday, it found a mention in Union Minister Nitin Gadkari’s address in Northeast Delhi. He said, “If you continue to live in Delhi, your life will be cut short by 10 years… In five years, all buses will be electric… and Delhi will be free from pollution.” Congress: The party’s manifesto also referred to NCAP. “We will strengthen the National Clean Air Programme in order to urgently tackle the problem of air pollution,” it says. Senior Congress leader Jairam Ramesh did talk about the “pollution problem” while addressing the media last week, focusing on the Centre’s inability to address the issue. “In the election in Delhi, environment holds a special place… air pollution is at such dangerous levels… compare it to other major cities worldwide and you will find Delhi is in first or second place. Where Delhi is situated, its administrative system places the responsibility primarily on the Union government. If the Union government does not fulfil this responsibility, then Delhi’s environmental problems can’t be resolved just by the Delhi government,’’ he said. AAP: Chief Minister and AAP convener Arvind Kejriwal has not brought up air pollution in his speeches over the past week. Kejriwal’s ‘10 guarantees’ also did not include it. As for candidates, videos of speeches made at ‘jan sabhas’ over the past week, up on their social media feeds, have no mention of air pollution. Experts who have researched the causes and implications of rising air pollution, particularly in Delhi, however, see even the mere mention of air pollution in manifestos as a positive sign. “It means they know it’s not something they can ignore. This is a change from the past where we never even saw a mention,” said Anumita Roychowdhury, Executive Director, Research and Advocacy, Centre for Science and Environment (CSE). “Where the conversation now needs to go is from promise to action.” Dipankar Saha, former head of the Central Pollution Control Board’s air laboratory, said though governments have policies and action plans, “quantitative information on the extent to which emissions have changed over the years remains missing”. “(Like) an election is seasonal… air pollution is only seen as a winter phenomenon”.

• Clean Air & Sustainable Mobility

Smothered by smog: Struggle of vegetable vendors in Delhi’s Keshopur Mandi

Halfway through our interview, vegetable vendor Rekha asked me point blank, “Isse kya hoga,” and at that moment, I could not think of an answer. She was right and had every reason to be hopeless. Much has been written about air pollution and much energy has been spent on expert committees and political debates and yet nothing has changed. “Hum toh garib log hai, hum kisko jakar bole, hamari sunvai nahin hoti” (We are poor people, to whom do we go, nobody listens to us),” says Rekha Devi, who sells vegetables in the Keshopur Mandi. Keshopur is a large retail and wholesale vegetable and fruit market located in West Delhi. It is close to the Keshopur Industrial Area, Outer Ring Road and the Najafgarh Drain, where garbage is often burnt. All these factors combined with other local pollutants, add to the extremely poor air quality of this area. Pollution in Keshopur cannot be measured, as the area does not have an AQI monitoring station. However, nearby pollution recorded by the nearby AQI stations are indicative of the situation here. Mundka and Punjabi Bagh record pollution in the “severe” category. The average PM 2.5 is 431, and PM 10 is 372. PM 2.5 and PM 10 measure the amount of particulate matter in air of the size of 2.5 and 10 micrometres respectively. Such dangerous levels of fine particles cause irreversible damage to lungs, irritation in eyes and increase chances of asthma. Livelihood or health: Vegetable vendors’ dillema “Hamare paas koi chara nahin hai’,’ (We have no other option) says Rekha when asked if she has ever skipped coming to the Mandi on days of extremely poor smog. Rekha, like many other fruit and vegetable sellers in the area, has no choice but to come here to sell every day, even in these hazardous conditions. Daily wagers do not have the luxury of working from their homes, like more fortunate ones who stay indoors when the pollution levels are alarming. The vendors do not use protective masks either. Rekha said she almost never wears a mask. Most of the vegetable sellers in the Mandi were also without a mask, because of the inability to buy masks every week and the lack of awareness. Rekha pitches her stall at around 2:00 pm in the afternoon and stays there till 1:00 am in the morning. These long hours in the open have led to irritation in her eyes and persistent coughing. Late nights in the winter also require people to burn wood to keep themselves warm, producing a lot of smoke. The vendors stand for hours in the unbreathable air. The Energy Policy Institute concluded that the people of Delhi are likely to lose 11.9 years of their lives, if the current levels of pollution continue. Unaffordable health care and vegetable vendors Kishan Lal, who sells grapes in the Mandi, said he has had chronic coughing for the past year. The doctor at the dispensary says that it is due to pollution. He took medicines for a few months but then stopped because he didn’t have any insurance. He cannot afford to take bed rest on days his cough gets uncontrollable. He says, “Garib aadmi ka to kya hai, roz kamana, roz khana.” Rekha says, “Hamein bachhon ka bhi dekhna hai, rent pe rehti hu, vo bhi har mahine bharna hota hai. (We have to look after our kids’ education. I live in a rented house. I have to pay the rent each month). People, who were interviewed, did not have any serious medical problems due to prolonged exposure to air pollution. However, they worried about how their lives would be, if they were diagnosed with such a disease. They do not have any savings and are completely dependent on government-funded dispensaries for their healthcare. Shrinking livelihoods, worsening pollution The irony is that while the sellers continue to stay put on days of bad smog, the buyers do not come. Moreover, business has also dwindled after the pandemic, as people have switched to e-commerce services for grocery and vegetable shopping. Another trend, which the vegetable sellers speak about, is people not going inside the main market area. They prefer to buy things from the nearby hawkers without stepping out of their cars. This shows how socio-economic status of people determines their response to pollution. Although everyone is affected by air pollution and has the right to clean air, the ability to cope and stand up against the system varies from person to person. Increasingly, Rekha and many others in the community feel helpless. The right to have clean air is an ideal that every citizen of Delhi wants, but when it comes to air pollution, it often does not garner the same attention as other hot-button political issues. And when measures are put in place, they have had only short-term impact. For example, the Winter Action Plan of the Delhi Government aimed to deploy hundreds of dust-collecting and spraying machines to control particulate matter. However, as Rekha rightly points out, these dust machines have often caused pollution in the area by impeding traffic flow. Government response to pollution Parvesh Verma, MP for West Delhi, has repeatedly attacked the AAP government in Punjab and Delhi for not doing enough to control pollution. He also has questioned the central government on under-staffing in state pollution control boards. Delhi’s pollution has figured in the promises of political leaders in the upcoming elections too. Health emergency such as this requires urgent policy redressal from the government. It begins with understanding that different areas in Delhi have different sources and causes of pollution and require different strategies. The Principal Secretary (Environment and Forest), Department of Environment, Government of Delhi has been reached out for a comment on this story but we did not receive a reply. Recommended measures to control pollution A 2021 analysis by the Centre for Science and Environment showed that vehicles are the biggest contributor to particulate pollution among the local sources in Delhi. Congestion pricing on the Outer Ring Road at peak hours in the morning and evening would discourage people from using personal cars. The Delhi government should regulate unauthorised industries, install smoke filters and accelerate the transition from traditional to clean energy in all approved industrial areas of Delhi. Pollution in a mixed land use suburb like Keshopur comes largely from factors outside of the area. The government needs to ban outside burning and provide N-95 masks to the vegetable sellers. But it also needs to address the problem of dust and PM2.5 pollutants within the area. Lastly, the Keshopur Sabzi Mandi Committee should serve as the platform for the demands of these vegetable sellers to have a better working environment. It should adopt dust mitigation practices for the large Sabzi Mandi built on unpaved ground. It can become an example of civic-led action to secure progress for an entire community. The author is a member of the cohort of the Civic Journalism Training Programme, jointly hosted by Oorvani Foundation and Youth ki Awaaz. This article was produced under the programme.

• Clean Air & Sustainable Mobility

Rich Or Poor, All At Mercy Of City’s Bad Air

New Delhi: The family of Dhruv Kapoor, an executive in a private company, dreads winter when Delhi’s air turns toxic. “My seven-year-old son, Mivaan, has an adenoids problem, which aggravates during the winter season due to pollution. He is dependent on antibiotics on days when the city’s air quality is poor,” said the 36-year-old resident of Sukhdev Vihar in southeast Delhi. Kapoor himself has chronic sinusitis and the condition is exacerbated by exposure to the city’s pollutant-laden air. “During winters, when Delhi’s air is consistently noxious, the only days I feel better are when I travel out of the city for professional engagements. However, my health suffers when I return home,” said Kapoor. “Smoke from a nearby waste-to-energy plant entering our home adds to the problem.” His parents, both senior citizens, are confined to their homes during the winter months with the air purifier.In a slum in Yamuna Khadar, domestic worker Anjali has breathing problems when she steps out to work on days of high pollution. Lata, a housewife who lives in Nand Nagri in northeast Delhi, complains of headache and skin problems due to pollution. Rich Or Poor, All At Mercy Of City’s Bad Air Rich Or Poor, All At Mercy Of City’s Bad Air New Delhi was placed first in the list of the ‘most polluted capital city’ in the world in 2023. Delhiites breathed air that was contaminated around 20 times beyond the international safe standard, according to the World Air Quality Report 2023 released in March. Another report on Air Quality Life Index released in Aug last year by Energy Policy Institute at University of Chicago revealed that air pollution was shortening lives in Delhi by 11.9 years. Delhi, it added, was the most polluted city on the globe.An analysis of Central Pollution Control Board’s data of the past decade shows that Delhi’s annual PM2.5 and PM10 levels continue to remain much higher than the national ambient air quality standards and WHO’s safe limit for pollutants. And while the city has seen a gradual but consistent decline in the annual PM2.5 levels since 2015-17, this trend was interrupted last year, according to an analysis by the Centre for Science and Environment in Jan this year. Sunil Dahiya, South Asia analyst, Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air, said, “Apart from 2020 when we saw cleaner air due to Covid-induced lockdown, Delhi has been recording high levels of pollution for over a decade. PM10 and PM2.5 levels of the past decade shows that pollution is either getting worse or it is staying where it was, irrespective of the ruling party in Delhi and the Centre.” Dahiya added, “Major polluting sources are transport, industries, power generation and there’s an increased contribution from the construction sector. But these sectors are dragging their feet in implementing measures to control air pollution at source. The govts, both state and central, have failed to control air pollution at source. Reduction in particulate matter is achievable by killing the pollution at source.”Bhavreen Kandhari, founder of Warrior Moms, a group of mothers fighting against the toxic air in Indian cities, said her group had received over 2,60,000 calls in the past six weeks from parents demanding clean air, 1,64,000 from Delhi alone. “It’s not that citizens aren’t concerned; they are disillusioned and disappointed,” said Kandhari. “A study determined that air pollution causes 3,000 premature deaths in Delhi annually, or eight deaths daily. Another study revealed that one in every three children in Delhi had reduced lung function and a high propensity for increased pulmonary haemorrhage.” Dahiya said pollution has to be an election issue. “And it is pertinent to discuss air pollution at length at the regional and national level after the formation of a new govt, irrespective of the political party,” he added. Kandhari too said parents were confronting the Lok Sabha candidates on cleaning the city’s air. “They are demanding to know what corrective action they will take, once elected, to protect children and other vulnerable individuals from harmful and illegal levels of air pollution,” she said. “This issue extends beyond Delhi, as 83 of the world's 100 most polluted cities are in India.” Warrior Moms, which analysed the manifestoes of all parties, demanded that instead of making promises, manifestos should provide a green report card detailing the actions the parties had taken to protect the environment. Is anyone listening?

• Sustainable Habitat

Increasing troubles of urban heatwave

Some scientific evidence suggests that with rising temperatures, a situation called 'Seasonal Affective Disorder' occurs. This causes rapid changes in the neurotransmitters found in people's brain. These changes motivate people to take suicidal steps like suicide. In 2018, researchers at the American University of Stanford identified a strong link between hot weather and rising suicide rates. Led by Stanford economist Marshall Work The study claimed that the projected temperature increase by 2050 could lead to an additional twenty-one thousand suicides in the United States and Mexico. Examples of how heat, heat and humidity have become deadly are visible in cities across the world. Cities in India have been seen as hubs of better infrastructure, excellent public facilities and employment opportunities. People living there expect a good lifestyle. But now cities themselves are becoming a problem for the world. population burden These cities, groaning and facing terrible pollution in the name of facilities, are becoming the center of dilemma instead of convenience for the people living in them due to severe pressure on infrastructure, inflation and increasing distance of residence from places of work. Here in the last few years a new problem has surrounded him. The problem is that there is more heat in cities than in villages. Scientists have called this problem 'urban heat'. It is also being called an urban heat wave. This urban heatwave was noticed in 2018, when 'US Journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Sciences' had published a report on rising temperatures in forty-four cities of the world. In that research report, focusing on the urban heat occurring in six metropolitan cities of South Asia, it was told that between the years 1979 and 2005, the city of Kolkata, which used to experience severe heat waves for sixteen days every year, now has such days. The number has increased to forty-four. Research have claimed that the risk of facing urban heat wave has increased by four times in metropolitan cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata with a population of crores. It has a warning also given that now the cities will have to learn to live with this 'urban heat' and bear its constant threat. Here, 'Centre for Science and Environment' has revealed this problem in a detailed report in its magazine 'Down to Earth'. In this, the question has been raised how much heat can humans bear in the greenery-less cities turning into concrete jungles. The question is also that what is there in big cities or metros that produces many times more heat than the naturally occurring heat waves?Has been. The serious side of this is that urban heat waves can show its effect not only in May-June but also in severe winters. A research paper titled 'Urban Heat Island over Delhi Punches Holes in Widespread Fog in the Indo-Gangetic Plains' was published in the 'Geophysical Research Letters Journal' of the 'American Geophysical Union'. It was said that in 2018, the country's capital Delhi had the least impact of natural fog as compared to the last seventeen years because the pollution and heat generated here had created holes in the fog. Not just Delhi, cities across the world saw a drastic reduction in fog density in winter due to urban pollution. IIT, Mumbai and 'University of Petroleum and Energy Studies' based in Dehradun, after analyzing seventeen years of satellite data of 'NASA', called the process of fog clearance as 'Fog Hole' and reported that in January, 2018 in Delhi there were ninety There were more fag holes than. Researchers had said that the heat of cities is burning the fog, due to which the temperature in cities is four to five times higher than in rural areas.Degree becomes higher. It was said that due to the rapid construction work going on in the cities, increasing urbanization, rapid decline in the green belt and structures being made of concrete, the heat inside the ground gets trapped in the surface or near the surface. Today's truth is that urbanization taking place in view of the needs of about 12-15 crore population of twenty-three cities of the country including Delhi-Mumbai, has turned the cities into such 'heat' and 'gas chambers', which cause extremes of weather. Are being made. Why have these cities become like this?There are some obvious reasons. Like, building large numbers of tall buildings in less space and indiscriminate use of electricity to keep them cool, bright and clean. Be it home or office, making them air-conditioned to fight the weather and increasing use of cars etc. for commuting. If millions of air conditioners and refrigerators (AC-fridges) are running in a city at the same time, and millions of cars running on petrol and diesel are releasing heat into the atmosphere along with greenhouse smoke, then there is no possibility of artificially generated air in the cities.The destructive potential of this heat wave can be estimated. (The author is an educational columnist)

• DTE - Web

Does this help or hurt a fair global green transition?

If climate considerations are to permeate trade agreements & vice versa, upholding principles of common but differentiated responsibilities, special & differential treatment is crucial The world is in a race to build a low-carbon economy. In mid-2022, the world’s largest historical emitter of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the United States passed a domestic bill — the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) — that would see the government invest about $370 billion across a decade in renewable energy, energy efficiency and electric vehicles (EV). Separately, in December 2022, the European Union agreed on a preliminary deal for an EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) on imported goods such as iron and steel, cement, aluminium, fertilisers, electricity and hydrogen. In the EU’s words, this would “incentivise our trading partners to decarbonise their manufacturing industry”. On the face of it, these measures seem like proactive climate-friendly legislation by big polluters. However, the IRA’s bottomless green subsidies and the CBAM’s green tariff wall have sparked fears of trade protectionism, as governments on the pretext of climate action try to reshore green industries and dominate the global supply chain of goods and technologies essential to avert a climate catastrophe. An overarching consideration that includes but is not limited to CBAM or IRA as policy tools, is whether trade is a domain through which countries must enforce greater climate ambition. For example, last month, US Climate Envoy John Podesta announced a new Climate and Trade Task Force to address “carbon leakage, carbon dumping, and embodied carbon in general”. The US signals intent to work with trade partners to develop standard methods to measure emissions, lower costs of clean technologies and help developing countries secure capital needed to decarbonise industry. A HISTORY OF DISTRUST Historically, developed countries have sought to merge trade and environment considerations, arguing that “the multilateral trading system and the environmental regime are mutually supportive”. Critics have argued that this approach seeks legal grounds to impose trade restrictions on developing countries on the grounds of environmental concerns. Thus, even if the restrictions do not significantly address environmental problems – or carbon emissions – developing countries would find it difficult to legally challenge them and their exports will also suffer. Developing countries distrust the developed countries’ endeavour to link environment and trade – their fear being that trade / environment linkages are sought for purely protectionist reasons. To that extent, the 1992 UN Convention on Climate Change specified that “measures taken to combat climate change, including unilateral ones, should not constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a disguised restriction on international trade.” In 1998, in the context of a US ban on the import of shrimp that was caught in a way that harmed endangered turtles, Anil Agarwal of Delhi-based think tank, Centre for Science and Environment, argued against the use of trade sanctions on environmental grounds. “Only economically powerful nations can impose effective trade sanctions against less economically powerful nations. This tool for bringing environmentally errant nations to task cannot be used by less economically powerful nations against the global economic powers, howsoever bad their environmental track record might be,” he stated. Agarwal raised the issue of the climate problem where the US is the biggest perpetrator, asking “can the nations likely to be most affected by global warming – the Maldives and Bangladesh – impose trade sanctions on the US and expect it to be effective?” Moreover, the criteria on which some of the new policy tools are hinged, such as differing emission intensities of production among countries, cannot be delinked from the climate justice question. Take the case of a CBAM that imposes a border adjustment tax on exporting countries on the basis of a higher emission intensity and the absence of a domestic carbon pricing mechanism, compared to the EU. Higher emissions intensity in many developing countries is linked to a number of historical variables including the offshoring of carbon intensive manufacturing from developed countries, and a belated effort at improving developmental outcomes through the use of cheap energy, which in many cases is coal. The latter is occurring decades after the Global North industrialised through unhindered fossil fuel dependence and now has the means to gradually decarbonise. The unilateral imposition of a carbon tax on traded goods neglects this history. Yet, in an increasingly climate-risked world, the lines between trade rules and greenhouse gas (GHG) governance rules are getting blurred, especially considering that GHG emissions produced locally have a global warming impact and do not restrain themselves within territorial borders. IT’S NOT JUST ABOUT CARBON, IT’S ALSO ECONOMIC MIGHT Green is the colour of tomorrow’s world economy, as clean technologies produced by low-carbon industrial processes will dominate, and fossil fuels and carbon intensive production increasingly become stranded assets. Therefore, for the world powers, carbon is not the only consideration, it is economic relevance as well. The US’ statement on its Climate and Trade Taskforce comes with caveats – the provisions will be extended to “like-minded” countries, a continuation of the strategy of ‘friendshoring’ to counter China’s dominance of manufacturing as well as the new green supply chains.

• Down To Earth

International Day For Biological Diversity: Preserving Nature For Future Generations

Humans have a huge impact on biodiversity, harming it as well as safeguarding it. That's why it's crucial to create sufficient understanding on how important biodiversity is, for oneself and for the environment. Since the beginning of the 21st century, India has lost 19 per cent of its total tree cover. While 2.8 per cent of our forests were lost to deforestation, much of it is also a consequence of wildfires, which affected more than 18,000 square kilometres of forest per year – more than twice the annual average of deforestation. That's why raising awareness about biodiversity is part of many international plans and strategies. India has four important areas with a multitude of different animals and plants, called biodiversity hotspots. But human activity is putting these areas at risk. These include the Himalayas, the Western Ghats, Sundaland (which includes the Nicobar Islands), and the Indo-Burma region. A report from 2021 by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) says India has lost nearly 90 per cent of the land in these hotspots. Of these, the Indo-Burma region has been hit the hardest. This International Day for Biological Diversity, let’s think of the amazing variety of life on Earth and the urgent need to protect it. Biodiversity is crucial to keep our ecosystems balanced, , and ensure the well-being of current and future generations. We need to think about our own actions too: What can each person do to protect biodiversity in the long run?

• Down To Earth

Climate change impacts millions in India. But as the country votes, some politicians skirt the issue

A report by the New Delhi-based Centre for Science and Environment said India experienced extreme weather on nearly 90% of the days last year. BEED, India: Almost 970 million Indians are voting in general elections amid sweltering heat and unpredictable weather extremes exacerbated by human-caused climate change, leading to loss of livelihood, forced migration and increasingly difficult living conditions for millions across the country. Voters are looking for politicians who promise relief, stability and resilience to the wide-ranging and damaging effects of a warming climate. In their election manifestos, India’s top political parties, including the governing Bharatiya Janata Party and the main opposition, the Congress party, have made multiple promises to act on climate damage and reduce emissions of planet-heating gases. But there has been little talk about climate change on the campaign trail. “Climate change is still not among the headlines during these elections despite its obvious impact on millions of Indian lives,” said Anjal Prakash, author of multiple United Nations climate reports. The Indian subcontinent — surrounded by ocean on three sides and the Himalayan ranges to its north — is vulnerable to sea level rise, severe storms, heavy floods and melting glaciers. It’s also experienced extreme heat spells and severe drought as global average temperatures climb. A report by the New Delhi-based Centre for Science and Environment said India experienced extreme weather on nearly 90% of the days last year. Here’s a look at how the effects of climate change are influencing voters. EXTREME HEAT AND LONGER DROUGHTS IN WESTERN AND CENTRAL INDIA Vaibhav Maske’s millet farm was dry to the bone in early May, even though he dug three borewells 600 feet deep looking for water. The 25-year-old lives in Marathwada, one of the most acutely affected heat and drought-prone regions in western Maharashtra state, and farmers there say the current summer is the worst major drought in almost a decade. But politicians haven’t been paying attention. “Politicians are only talking about religion and caste. No one is talking about the environment or farmers issues,” said Maske. “They are saying Prime Minister Modi is giving money to farmers, that’s good. But at the same time, the taxes are so high on everything including our farm equipment, so how can we make ends meet this way?”

• Urban Lab

46C shadow looms large on Delhi voting day

New Delhi: Delhi is likely to witness heatwave conditions on May 25 when the city goes to polls, as the mercury is predicted to remain around 46 degrees Celsius. A few stations are expected to record a higher temperature by one to two degrees. A spell of intense heatwave, which has gripped the capital since Friday, could impact voter turnout. In the last Lok Sabha elections, the voting percentage was 60.6%. The mercury on May 12, 2019, was at 39 degrees Celsius. In the 2014 polls, the city saw a higher voting percentage of 65.1% on April 10, 2014, when the day temperature was just 33 degrees Celsius. The forecast of the India Meteorological Department shows that the maximum temperature is likely to stay around 46 degrees Celsius on May 25 at Safdarjung, which is the city’s base station. IMD has predicted that the day temperature at stations such as Pitampura, Pusa and Najafgarh may remain around 48 degrees Celsius. Avikal Somvanshi, senior programme manager at Urban Lab in the Centre for Science and Environment, said: “The weather is generally hotter than the average temperature on roadsides. It is usually five degrees higher as heat is reflected from the road. The polling stations are not air-conditioned and most people wait in queues outside, especially during afternoon without any proper shade to recover from the impact of heatwave. According to the draft heat action plan, people should avoid exposure to heat from noon to 4 pm, which is also the peak voting time. Heatwaves can impact elderly people and people with comorbidities and cause heatstroke, dehydration and other related issues.” He said, “the poor work under intense heat,” but the affluent class, “who have not acclimatised to heatwaves as they remain in air-conditioned buildings, may not step out to vote. Given the experience, the elderly and affluent class may stay away from voting.” He said it was unfortunate that elections were happening now. The election commission should ensure in the future that polls take place during cooler time and not in the season of heatwaves and monsoon, Somvanshi added. Political analyst Chandrachur Singh, an associate professor in the political science department of Hindu College, feels that the voting percentage in Delhi will not be able to cross 60% this time. “The weather certainly will impact the elections. The voting percentages go up or down depending on the significant issues among voters. However, the voters are silent this time as anti-incumbency or pro-incumbency is not very loud and clear. Coupled with the weather effect, a large number may not have an urge to vote.” He added that the poorer migrant populations who have a vote in the city tend to visit their hometowns in summer. “Hence, supply of labour is usually low in summer.” The chief electoral officer of Delhi, P Krishnamurthy, in a meeting on May 3 directed all stakeholders to take steps to mitigate the impact of the heatwave at polling booths on May 25. He directed stakeholders to equip every polling station with safe drinking water, proper shaded waiting areas with air coolers, essential medical kits and supplies. Vishwas Chitale, senior programme lead at the Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW), said: “In view of the recent heatwave forecast by the India Meteorological Department, following the dos and don'ts is very important. While venturing out, people must carry an umbrella or a sun cap and sunglasses, carry sufficient drinking water, and make sure to avoid exposure to the outdoor environment for longer hours."

• Sustainable Habitat

Increasing Troubles In Burning Cities

Some scientific evidence suggests that with rising temperatures, a situation called ‘Seasonal Affective Disorder’ occurs. This causes rapid changes in the neurotransmitters found in people’s brain. These changes motivate people to take suicidal steps like suicide. In 2018, researchers at the American University of Stanford identified a strong link between hot weather and rising suicide rates. Led by Stanford economist Marshall Work The study claimed that the projected temperature increase by 2050 could lead to an additional twenty-one thousand suicides in the United States and Mexico. Examples of how heat, heat and humidity have become deadly are visible in cities across the world. Cities in India have been seen as hubs of better infrastructure, excellent public facilities and employment opportunities. People living there expect a good lifestyle. But now cities themselves are becoming a problem for the world. population burden These cities, groaning and facing terrible pollution in the name of facilities, are becoming the center of dilemma instead of convenience for the people living in them due to severe pressure on infrastructure, inflation and increasing distance of residence from places of work. Here in the last few years a new problem has surrounded him. The problem is that there is more heat in cities than in villages. Scientists have called this problem ‘urban heat’. It is also being called urban heat wave. This urban heatwave was noticed in the year 2018, when ‘US Journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences’Sciences’ had published a report on rising temperatures in forty-four cities of the world. In that research report, focusing on the urban heat occurring in six metropolitan cities of South Asia, it was told that between the years 1979 and 2005, the city of Kolkata, which used to experience severe heat waves for sixteen days every year, now has such days. The number has increased to forty-four. Research had claimed that the risk of facing urban heat wave has increased by four times in metropolitan cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata with a population of crores. It has aA warning was also given that now the cities will have to learn to live with this ‘urban heat’ and bear its constant threat. Here, ‘Centre for Science and Environment’ has revealed this problem in a detailed report in its magazine ‘Down to Earth’. In this, the question has been raised that how much heat can humans bear in the greenery-less cities turning into concrete jungles. The question is also that what is there in big cities or metros that produces many times more heat than the naturally occurring heat waves?Has been. The serious side of this is that urban heat wave can show its effect not only in May-June but also in severe winter. A research paper titled ‘Urban Heat Island over Delhi Punches Holes in Widespread Fog in the Indo-Gangetic Plains’ was published in the ‘Geophysical Research Letters Journal’ of the ‘American Geophysical Union’. It was told that in 2018, the country’s capital Delhi had the least impact of natural fog as compared to the last seventeen years because the pollution and heat generated here had created holes in the fog. head Not just Delhi, cities across the world saw a drastic reduction in fog density in winter due to urban pollution. IIT, Mumbai and ‘University of Petroleum and Energy Studies’ based in Dehradun, after analyzing seventeen years of satellite data of ‘NASA’, called the process of fog clearance as ‘Fog Hole’ and reported that in January, 2018 in Delhi there were ninety There were more fag holes than. Researchers had said that the heat of cities is burning the fog, due to which the temperature in cities is four to five times higher than in rural areas.Degree becomes higher. It was told that due to the rapid construction work going on in the cities, increasing urbanization, rapid decline in the green belt and structures being made of concrete, the heat inside the ground gets trapped in the surface or near the surface. Today’s truth is that urbanization taking place in view of the needs of about 12-15 crore population of twenty-three cities of the country including Delhi-Mumbai, has turned the cities into such ‘heat’ and ‘gas chambers’, which cause extremes of weather. Are being made. Why have these cities become like this?There are some obvious reasons. Like, building large numbers of tall buildings in less space and indiscriminate use of electricity to keep them cool, bright and clean. Be it home or office, making them air-conditioned to fight the weather and increasing use of cars etc. for commuting. If millions of air conditioners and refrigerators (AC-fridges) are running in a city at the same time, and millions of cars running on petrol and diesel are releasing heat into the atmosphere along with greenhouse smoke, then there is no possibility of artificially generated air in the cities. The destructive potential of this heat wave can be estimated. The question is how to deal with this urban heatwave. Till now, it is not possible that we will be able to combat urban heat wave without making some changes in the means and measures being tried to combat the normal seasonal changes. Obviously, for this, some fresh thinking will have to be done regarding urbanization plans. At present, our planners are searching for a solution to the housing problem in view of the increasing needs of the country’s population and the population migrating from villages to cities. There is no blueprint for the things that can spoil the climate. In the opinion of some Indian planners, urbanization based on concrete tall buildings actually attacks the Gandhian vision of India’s development. Architect AGK Menon had said in this regard that it would be better that we do not copy the so-called developed western countries in the matter of building future cities and make plans keeping in mind our traditions. Only if this happens will we be able to combat urban heat waves and other similar urban tragedies.Will find. (The writer is Educational Columnist)

• Down To Earth

Climate change impacts millions in India. But as the country votes, some politicians skirt the issue

BEED, India -- Almost 970 million Indians are voting in general elections amid sweltering heat and unpredictable weather extremes exacerbated by human-caused climate change, leading to loss of livelihood, forced migration and increasingly difficult living conditions for millions across the country. Voters are looking for politicians who promise relief, stability and resilience to the wide-ranging and damaging effects of a warming climate. In their election manifestos, India’s top political parties, including the governing Bharatiya Janata Party and the main opposition, the Congress party, have made multiple promises to act on climate damage and reduce emissions of planet-heating gases. But there has been little talk about climate change on the campaign trail. “Climate change is still not among the headlines during these elections despite its obvious impact on millions of Indian lives,” said Anjal Prakash, author of multiple United Nations climate reports. The Indian subcontinent — surrounded by ocean on three sides and the Himalayan ranges to its north — is vulnerable to sea level rise, severe storms, heavy floods and melting glaciers. It's also experienced extreme heat spells and severe drought as global average temperatures climb. A report by the New Delhi-based Centre for Science and Environment said India experienced extreme weather on nearly 90% of the days last year. Here's a look at how the effects of climate change are influencing voters. Vaibhav Maske's millet farm was dry to the bone in early May, even though he dug three borewells 600 feet deep looking for water. The 25-year-old lives in Marathwada, one of the most acutely affected heat and drought-prone regions in western Maharashtra state, and farmers there say the current summer is the worst major drought in almost a decade. But politicians haven’t been paying attention. “Politicians are only talking about religion and caste. No one is talking about the environment or farmers issues," said Maske. "They are saying Prime Minister Modi is giving money to farmers, that’s good. But at the same time, the taxes are so high on everything including our farm equipment, so how can we make ends meet this way?” Since February 2019, a federal government scheme transfers $70 to around 100 million farmers a year to supplement their income. But Maske said it's of little use as farm expenses like water, fertilizers and farm gear now cost him up to $180 a month. Instead, Maske said local and federal governments need to prioritize providing a water source for farming. “They need to dig canals or divert some water from rivers in nearby areas, so we have some steady supply of water. No one has done anything about this," he said. India’s eastern coasts have long been prone to cyclones, but the number of intense storms is increasing along the country's coast. Last year was India's deadliest cyclone season in recent times, killing 523 people and costing an estimated $2.5 billion in damage. Roxy Mathew Koll, a climate scientist at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, said their studies found that “floods have increased threefold since the 1950s and cyclones have increased by 50% since the 1980s.” It's making disasters a political focal point for the regions worst affected by them. Around 25,000 people in the Ennore neighborhood in Chennai planned to boycott the Indian general elections in part due to lack of government support post Cyclone Michaung, which devastated the eastern coasts of southern India in December 2023. “Politicians just come asking for votes making promises," said Subhashini Ravi, a 37-year-old resident of Ennore. “Once elections are over, they just disappear.” Still, the boycott was called off at the last minute after the regional government said it would address the issues post-election. Issues related to religion, caste and employment still determine most Indians' political preferences, but Koll said that at local levels, climate is playing a role when “the entire community is affected.” Local and federal authorities have managed to adapt partially to increasingly frequent cyclones by evacuating coastal residents in time and drastically reducing loss of life. But as cyclones get more intense, many residents like Ravi are still worried for the future. Thousands in Assam state are dependent on fishing and selling produce like rice, jute and vegetables from their small farms on floating river islands in the Brahmaputra River, known locally as Chars. When it floods, residents of Char islands often row in makeshift rafts to dry land, and return once it subsides. But floods are now more devastating and unpredictable because of climate change, locals say, making it harder to stay on the islands. Residents are wary nothing will change no matter who they vote for. “All the politicians promise to solve problems related to flooding but after elections are over, no one cares about it,” said Yaad Ali, a 55-year-old farmer in Sandahkhaiti, a village located on a small river island in north eastern India’s Assam state. Badruddin Ajmal, the leader of the All India United Democratic Front, a regional party in Assam and the main opposition in the state, has repeatedly talked about providing for long term relief from flooding during his campaigns this election. Leaders of national parties such as the BJP — also in power in Assam state — and the Congress Party have largely ignored the issue during their election campaigning in Assam this year. Considered one of the world’s most vulnerable regions to climate change according to a 2021 report, Ali said the lack of political will is only making life harder. In Shimla city in India’s mountainous Himachal Pradesh state, apple farmer Sanjay Chauhan recalls the deadly rainfall in the region last year that killed 428 people and broke local rainfall records. “I had not seen anything like this,” Chauhan said. He incurred $5,000 worth of damage to his orchards in the heavy rain, and property damage across the state was estimated at $1.42 billion. “Many issues were raised after the devastation last year but the government and political leaders are only providing temporary relief,” he said. Rising global temperatures means more water evaporates in the heat which is then dumped as heavy rain. Fast melting glaciers in the region that scientists say could lose 80% of their volume by the end of the century means the Himalayan region and its people are at further risk. But climate-related concerns like heavy flooding and melting glaciers have not featured in the election campaigns in the state. Most political speeches in Himachal Pradesh have focused on issues related to corruption, price rise and unemployment, regardless of party allegiance. Meanwhile, Chauhan said, locals are “worried about what the monsoons will bring this year." Other regions also suffered heavy losses in terms of lives, property and farmland due to heavy rain — including the neighboring state of Uttarakhand, Delhi and most northern and western Indian states. “What we need are long term strategies" to combat extreme weather events, Chauhan said. ___

• Solid Waste Management and Circular Economy

Global Plastics Treaty: Why India is iffy on regulating plastic production

he fourth session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee on Plastic Pollution (INC-4) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) recently concluded in Ottawa, with over 192 member states participating. The committee deliberated on the contours of a legally binding agreement aimed at combating plastic pollution, which is scheduled to be completed by the end of the year. One of its key objectives is to develop approaches, both binding and voluntary, to address the full lifecycle of plastic. India is the fifth highest generator of plastic waste, producing approximately 4.13 million tonnes in 2020-21, a 19 per cent increase from 2019-20, data from the Central Pollution Control Board shows, though the actual figures are likely to be significantly higher. India, considered a key representative from the Global South, submitted to INC-4 clearly stating, “There should be no binding targets/ cap with respect to production of plastic polymers.” Plastic production vs plastic pollution A senior official from the Union ministry of environment, forest and climate change told INDIA TODAY, “Plastic pollution is primarily caused by the mismanagement of plastic waste. Ending the use of plastic is not a simple solution.” Plastic is widely used across sectors such as agriculture, water, healthcare, etc., implying that interventions are needed to tackle plastic pollution without necessarily eliminating the use of plastic altogether. The ministry official said making this distinction was crucial. “Plastic and plastic pollution should not be used interchangeably nor should it be seen through the same lens,” he emphasised. Regarding interventions, the official added that plastic itself was not inherently problematic. Therefore, upstream interventions related to plastic production must be carefully calibrated to avoid adverse effects on the economy. Another senior official from the ministry said redesigning packaging material would impact the upstream side. “There is a specific provision in the Guidelines on Extended Producers Responsibility (EPR) for sustainable plastic packaging, which promotes reuse, makes packaging amenable for recycling, and uses recycled plastic content in plastic packaging, and thus reduces use of virgin plastic material per stock-keeping unit. This simple provision will gradually induce change across the entire ecosystem,” he explained. To reduce the amount of plastic ending up in landfills, the government introduced the EPR rules wherein producers, importers and brand owners (PIBOs) are obligated for 100 per cent end of life disposal of the plastic waste generated from their products' packaging. According to data on the EPR dashboard, PIBOs managed almost 1.7 million tonnes per annum (TPA) for FY2023-24. Almost 50-60 per cent of the plastic waste is packaging waste, which is mostly single-use plastic. In summary, the government aims to manage the littering problem by banning single-use plastic, addressing downstream issues through EPR, and enhance use of recycled plastic to implement better interventions upstream. Waste-to-energy plants are considered a viable solution for waste already generated. The EPR paradigm EPR is still in its nascent stage in the country, considering it is a new legislation and the ecosystem is being created. The ministry had notified in February 2022 a framework for a market-based EPR mechanism. “As on date, it is among the world’s biggest frameworks for EPR implementation on plastic packaging,” said the ministry official. Nevertheless, India Inc. is responding. Data shared exclusively with INDIA TODAY shows that around 36,856 PIBOs are registered on the EPR portal; they had the EPR liability of around 3 million tonnes in 2022-23, which is a whopping 70 per cent of the plastic waste generated in the country. EPR certificates of around 5.3 million tonnes equivalent of plastic waste processed have been generated by registered plastic waste processors, of which around 4.1 million tonnes worth of EPR certificates have been procured by producers, importers and brand-owners to fulfil their EPR obligations. A senior official from the ministry also highlighted the role of market-based EPR in mobilising finances for the waste management sector. Interestingly, this was also discussed during the session on sustainable finance for a future free from plastic pollution during Partnerships Day, organised by the Canada government and World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) prior to INC-4. Sanjay Harlalka, general manager-plastics and network design, Hindustan Unilever, says mandating the use of recycled plastic in packaging material under EPR Rules is a welcome step because it creates a pull for the industry to find the right type of packaging material, which will improve its off-take and create infrastructure as well. From the 58,000 tonnes of plastic in 2020, HUL has increased its EPR quantity to over 100,000 tonnes per annum in 2021, and has been sustaining at 100 per cent of its plastic footprint since then. “We used to work with kabadiwalas (waste collectors) to ensure that their network of ragpickers collects—besides rigids—even flexible plastic, which is usually left as it’s not sellable,” says Harlalka. Tejashree Joshi, head of environment and sustainability at Godrej & Boyce, says they have been offsetting 10-15 per cent more than the volume of plastic used for packaging their products through recycling partners. “Over the last five years, we have recycled more than 15,000 tonnes of plastic from various regions, and by 2030, the target is to recycle another 25,000 tonnes,” says Joshi. On the use of multilayer plastic, which has an extremely low recycling index, Joshi says Godrej & Boyce has entirely phased out multilayer plastic in major packaging applications. She adds that the use of thermocol in packaging has been eliminated, barring a couple of areas, and that too will be ended by 2030. What the civil society says However, think-tanks and research organisations seem to expect more from the government’s stance on combating plastic pollution. Siddharth Ghanshyam Singh, programme manager of municipal solid waste at the think-tank Centre for Science and Environment, believes this is a very simplistic approach to a problem as complex as plastic itself. He argues that the commonly held belief that plastic is cheaply available overlooks the fact that the government has kept the price low by subsidising the polymer-producing industry. Additionally, Singh notes that the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) norms for polymer producers, categorised as hazardous, were significantly diluted recently. The crucial question, he raises, is whether plastic costs would remain as low if subsidies were removed and stringent environmental norms enforced. Furthermore, there are significant concerns regarding human health. Plastics very often contain hazardous chemicals, such as Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs), Bisphenol A (BPA) and ultra-violet stabilisers, to impart desired properties for their end use. These chemicals, alongside plastics, leach into the human body and the environment, explains Satish Sinha, associate director at Toxics Link, a Delhi-based non-profit focusing on toxicity and waste concerns. Several studies have demonstrated that the accumulation of plastics in the human body can lead to inflammatory bowel disease, colon cancer, auto-immune issues, infertility and other serious health issues. Moreover, ample research indicates that microplastics are omnipresent; they pervade the air, soil and water bodies worldwide. So, should we only consider the economic cost of a plastic ban? What about its impact on the environment, wildlife, and human health? While development is crucial, it’s imperative to assess all these costs equally for a truly sustainable growth.

• Down To Earth

Climate change impacts millions in India. But as the country votes, some politicians skirt the issue

Almost 970 million Indians are voting in general elections amid sweltering heat and unpredictable weather extremes exacerbated by human-caused climate change, leading to loss of livelihood, forced migration and increasingly difficult living conditions for millions across the country. Voters are looking for politicians who promise relief, stability and resilience to the wide-ranging and damaging effects of a warming climate. In their election manifestos, India’s top political parties, including the governing Bharatiya Janata Party and the main opposition, the Congress party, have made multiple promises to act on climate damage and reduce emissions of planet-heating gases. But there has been little talk about climate change on the campaign trail. “Climate change is still not among the headlines during these elections despite its obvious impact on millions of Indian lives,” said Anjal Prakash, author of multiple United Nations climate reports. The Indian subcontinent — surrounded by ocean on three sides and the Himalayan ranges to its north — is vulnerable to sea level rise, severe storms, heavy floods and melting glaciers. It's also experienced extreme heat spells and severe drought as global average temperatures climb. A report by the New Delhi-based Centre for Science and Environment said India experienced extreme weather on nearly 90% of the days last year. Here's a look at how the effects of climate change are influencing voters. EXTREME HEAT AND LONGER DROUGHTS IN WESTERN AND CENTRAL INDIA Vaibhav Maske's millet farm was dry to the bone in early May, even though he dug three borewells 600 feet deep looking for water. The 25-year-old lives in Marathwada, one of the most acutely affected heat and drought-prone regions in western Maharashtra state, and farmers there say the current summer is the worst major drought in almost a decade. But politicians haven’t been paying attention. “Politicians are only talking about religion and caste. No one is talking about the environment or farmers issues," said Maske. "They are saying Prime Minister Modi is giving money to farmers, that’s good. But at the same time, the taxes are so high on everything including our farm equipment, so how can we make ends meet this way?” Since February 2019, a federal government scheme transfers $70 to around 100 million farmers a year to supplement their income. But Maske said it's of little use as farm expenses like water, fertilizers and farm gear now cost him up to $180 a month. Instead, Maske said local and federal governments need to prioritize providing a water source for farming. “They need to dig canals or divert some water from rivers in nearby areas, so we have some steady supply of water. No one has done anything about this," he said. STRONGER AND MORE FREQUENT CYCLONES FOR COASTAL REGIONS India’s eastern coasts have long been prone to cyclones, but the number of intense storms is increasing along the country's coast. Last year was India's deadliest cyclone season in recent times, killing 523 people and costing an estimated $2.5 billion in damage. Roxy Mathew Koll, a climate scientist at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, said their studies found that “floods have increased threefold since the 1950s and cyclones have increased by 50% since the 1980s.” It's making disasters a political focal point for the regions worst affected by them. Around 25,000 people in the Ennore neighborhood in Chennai planned to boycott the Indian general elections in part due to lack of government support post Cyclone Michaung, which devastated the eastern coasts of southern India in December 2023. “Politicians just come asking for votes making promises," said Subhashini Ravi, a 37-year-old resident of Ennore. “Once elections are over, they just disappear.” Still, the boycott was called off at the last minute after the regional government said it would address the issues post-election. Issues related to religion, caste and employment still determine most Indians' political preferences, but Koll said that at local levels, climate is playing a role when “the entire community is affected.” Local and federal authorities have managed to adapt partially to increasingly frequent cyclones by evacuating coastal residents in time and drastically reducing loss of life. But as cyclones get more intense, many residents like Ravi are still worried for the future. UNPREDICTABLE AND INCREASED FLOODING IN ASSAM Thousands in Assam state are dependent on fishing and selling produce like rice, jute and vegetables from their small farms on floating river islands in the Brahmaputra River, known locally as Chars. When it floods, residents of Char islands often row in makeshift rafts to dry land, and return once it subsides. But floods are now more devastating and unpredictable because of climate change, locals say, making it harder to stay on the islands. Residents are wary nothing will change no matter who they vote for. “All the politicians promise to solve problems related to flooding but after elections are over, no one cares about it,” said Yaad Ali, a 55-year-old farmer in Sandahkhaiti, a village located on a small river island in north eastern India’s Assam state. Badruddin Ajmal, the leader of the All India United Democratic Front, a regional party in Assam and the main opposition in the state, has repeatedly talked about providing for long term relief from flooding during his campaigns this election. Leaders of national parties such as the BJP — also in power in Assam state — and the Congress Party have largely ignored the issue during their election campaigning in Assam this year. Considered one of the world’s most vulnerable regions to climate change according to a 2021 report, Ali said the lack of political will is only making life harder. MELTING GLACIERS AND INTENSE RAIN IN THE HIMALAYAS In Shimla city in India’s mountainous Himachal Pradesh state, apple farmer Sanjay Chauhan recalls the deadly rainfall in the region last year that killed 428 people and broke local rainfall records. “I had not seen anything like this,” Chauhan said. He incurred $5,000 worth of damage to his orchards in the heavy rain, and property damage across the state was estimated at $1.42 billion. “Many issues were raised after the devastation last year but the government and political leaders are only providing temporary relief,” he said. Rising global temperatures means more water evaporates in the heat which is then dumped as heavy rain. Fast melting glaciers in the region that scientists say could lose 80% of their volume by the end of the century means the Himalayan region and its people are at further risk. But climate-related concerns like heavy flooding and melting glaciers have not featured in the election campaigns in the state. Most political speeches in Himachal Pradesh have focused on issues related to corruption, price rise and unemployment, regardless of party allegiance. Meanwhile, Chauhan said, locals are “worried about what the monsoons will bring this year." Other regions also suffered heavy losses in terms of lives, property and farmland due to heavy rain — including the neighboring state of Uttarakhand, Delhi and most northern and western Indian states. “What we need are long term strategies" to combat extreme weather events, Chauhan said.