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Cse In News

CSE REPORT FLAGS POOR STATE OF ORGANIC FERTILISERS, BIOFERTILISERS SECTOR IN INDIA

There is a widespread availability of inferior quality as well as spurious biofertiliser and organic fertiliser products across the country The availability, quality and uptake of biofertilisers and organic fertilisers in India is poor, flagged a new report. These non-chemical options are considered critical to the transition from chemical-based to sustainable farming practices like organic and natural farming. The availability of cost-effective quality biofertilisers and organic fertilisers is, therefore, of utmost importance. However, these sectors have been neglected over the years. Both the sectors have so far received limited attention and support by the central and most state governments, compared to the chemical fertiliser sector. The government subsidy received by the chemical fertiliser sector was to the tune of Rs 1.3 lakh crore in 2020-21, while the budget allocated to the entire organic fertiliser and biofertilisers sector was limited to a few hundred crores, the CSE report found. The State of Biofertilizers and Organic Fertilizers in India was released by the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), a Delhi-based think-tank at its recently concluded National Conclave on Sustainable Food Systems from April 19-21, 2022. Please click here to read more. Down to Earth, 2 May, 2022, https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/agriculture/cse-report-flags-poor-state-of-organic-fertilisers-biofertilisers-sector-in-india-82647?utm_source=Mailer&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=Down%20To%20Earth-5206

Weather Live Updates: Dust storm likely in Delhi; Odisha govt revises school timings amid heatwave

Weather Live Updates: The Odisha government has revised school timings amid the ongoing spell of heatwave in the state. The new timing is from 6:00 am to 9:00 am and comes into effect from today. Weather Live Updates: The minimum temperature in the national capital on Monday settled at 27.4 degrees Celsius, three notches above the season’s average. The weather office has forecast partly cloudy skies for the day with the possibility of dust and thunderstorm accompanied with gusty winds, according to news agency PTI. The maximum temperature is expected to touch 39 degrees Celsius. Heatwave conditions are expected to continue over Delhi and adjacent regions for the next three days, whereas dust storm or thunderstorms are expected in isolated places over Haryana, Chandigarh and the national capital between May 2 and May 4, according to the India Meteorological Department. The Odisha government has revised school timings amid the ongoing spell of heatwave in the state. The new timing is from 6:00 am to 9:00 am and comes into effect from today. After being parched by a searing heatwave for six successive days, overcast skies and a light breeze brought much-needed relief to the people of of the state on Sunday even as temperatures were high in the western region of the state, the India Meteorological Department said. The maximum temperature fell by around 2-4 degrees in a few places and was below normal in several towns, according to the Met office. Large parts of India have been recording higher than normal temperatures since the last week of March, with weather experts attributing it to the absence of periodic light rainfall and thundershowers, typical for this time of the year, due to the lack of active western disturbances. The IMD said the intense heat could lead to "moderate" health concerns for the vulnerable sections such as infants, the elderly and people with chronic diseases. "Hence people should avoid heat exposure, wear lightweight and light-coloured cotton clothes and cover their heads with a hat or an umbrella," it said. There is an increased likelihood of symptoms of heat illness in people who are either exposed to the sun for a prolonged period or doing heavy work, an IMD advisory read. A heatwave is declared when the maximum temperature is over 40 degrees Celsius and at least 4.5 notches above normal. A severe heatwave is declared if the departure from normal temperature is more than 6.4 notches, according to the IMD. Based on absolute recorded temperatures, a heatwave is declared when an area logs a maximum temperature of 45 degrees Celsius. A severe heatwave is declared if the maximum temperature crosses the 47-degree Celsius mark. Vidarbha in Maharashtra and west Rajasthan have consistently reported maximum temperatures in the range of 40 degrees Celsius to 45 degrees Celsius for the past two months. According to an analysis by green thinktank Centre for Science and Environment, the early heatwaves that began on March 11 have impacted 15 Indian states and union territories (as of April 24). India saw its warmest March this year since the IMD began keeping records 122 years ago, amid a 71 per cent rain deficit.

Global disruptions and non-cooperation

The first problem has been the very premise of the globalisation project It seems that the entire edifice of an interdependent world is collapsing, and at a time when we need cooperation more than ever to address the existential crisis of climate change. Roughly 30 years ago, as our world embarked on the path to interdependency, it signed the free trade agreement and brought in rules on how it would operate commerce between nations. Then it brought in a slew of more agreements for everything from climate change to biodiversity to global trade in hazardous waste, to stitch together a framework for an ecologically interdependent world. The twin objectives were to spread prosperity by expanding the Western model of growth and then to manage its ecological fallout across national boundaries. The underlying belief was this would bring democracy to all. People would get richer; and they would in turn shun barbaric tendencies and embrace human rights and freedom. In the 1990s, when the Soviet Union collapsed and then in 2001, when autocratic communist China joined this democracy through the trade project, the world rejoiced at the growth through consumption moments. Today this project has come apart. And it is not just the horrific and inhuman invasion of Ukraine by Russia that has brought it to this head — insecurity in the supply of basic materials, from energy to food, is making countries shun global interdependence and shut the door. Argentina, which produces 10 times more food than what its population needs, has now put a hefty tax on the export of beef, corn, and soya from the country. Indonesia, the world’s top producer of palm oil — indicted for driving the destruction of its tropical forests — has now sent shock waves as it has banned exports of this cooking oil. Food security is suddenly about food sovereignty — something that all agribusiness-run countries and economies had dismissed. Then come the high energy costs — fuelled partly because of the sanctions on Russian oil and gas — that are driving the world to leapfrog to wind and solar. But it is a fact that much of the rare earth minerals that will be needed to power this new energy future — from petro to electro — are controlled by the same countries that are in the non-democracy camp, from China to Russia. We also know that unemployment is already pushing countries to manufacture at home. We are closing borders, shutting the door of global trade, and, worse, dividing and polarising the world into camps of good versus evil. This, please remember, is happening at a time when climate change needs us to come together to cooperate and act globally. So, as we move ahead, let’s not make light of the mistakes of the past three decades. Let’s take stock of the state of the world so that we can do better. The first problem has been the very premise of the globalisation project. It was not about building inclusive prosperity — it was about building commerce on the back of cheap goods and labour. Free trade economists — they are many and they are powerful — love to tell us how inefficient it is to grow wheat and rice where land is scarce or that without large holdings agribusinesses do not thrive. They tell us it is so much better to manufacture where the cost of labour is cheap and countries can avoid paying the price of environmental safeguards. This “cheapness” then means there are plentiful goods that feed our appetite for consumption. There is no doubt that this economic thinking has made some in the world very rich. There is also no doubt that this thinking has made all countries lock into the business of competing for markets — at the cost of their labour or environment. It has also meant that the world is today at the precipice of a climate emergency — because it has never really reduced emissions but has only exported them to countries where manufacturing has moved. The second, and most fatal of all mistakes, is that we have assumed the growth of social media as the growth of democracy. It is nothing less than hubris and greed to believe that governance and democracy can be substituted by loud and nasty voices of social media, which has now made all of us consumers not of news but of goods. It all started with the Arab Spring in 2010, when the power of social media was unleashed and it brought down those whom we called dictators and despots. The world tasted blood. Now, the democracy project had another bow in its armour — this one, we believed, was the voice of the people speaking out and driving change. Today, this same tool of democracy has become so twisted and tainted that it can be used to push virulent and vicious hatred and evil with the force that we imagined it would push good. This is also happening because we believed (naively) that markets could replace governments and that social media was synonymous with democracy. This cannot be the way to our common future. Let’s continue to discuss this.

Landfill Sites: बिना आग के भी कूड़े के पहाड़ों से 5 किमी तक फैल रहा है प्रदूषण, जहरीली गैस कर रही है लोगों को बीमार

विशेष संवाददाता, नई दिल्लीः बीते छह दिनों से भलस्वा लैंडफिल साइट सुलग रही है, जिससे आसपास के लोग धुंए से परेशान हैं। वहीं एक्सपर्ट के अनुसार इन कूड़े के पहाड़ों पर आग न भी लगे तो भी यह अपने आसपास के पांच किलोमीटर दायरे में प्रदूषण बढ़ा रहे हैं। इसलिए इन्हें जल्द खत्म करना होगा। हालांकि जिस हिसाब से काम चल रहा है अगले कुछ सालों तक इससे छुटकारा नहीं मिलने वाला है। एक्सपर्ट के अनुसार तेज हवाओं के साथ इन लैंडफिल साइट से उठने वाली गैस पांच किलोमीटर के दायरे में असर डालती हैं। फिर चाहे आग लगे या न लगे। इन कूड़े के पहाड़ों से ग्रीन हाउस गैस का उत्सर्जन होता रहा है। इनसे कार्बन डायऑक्साइड, नाइट्रोजन ऑक्साइड जैसी गैस निकलती हैं, जो जलवायु परिवर्तन की वजह हैं। गौरतलब है कि मीथेन कार्बन डायऑक्साइड से भी अधिक खतरनाक है। यह सूर्य की किरणों को कार्बन डायऑक्साइड की तुलना में 84 प्रतिशत तक सोखकर गर्मी बढ़ाती है। प्रदूषण के हॉट स्पॉट में शामिल हैं ये साइटें: एक्सपर्ट के अनुसार इन लैंडफिल साइट के निकटवर्ती जगहों पर गौर करें तो यह राजधानी में प्रदूषण का हॉट स्पॉट हैं। राजधानी में इस समय 13 हॉट स्पॉट हैं। भलस्वा लैंडफिल साइट का निकटवर्ती स्टेशन जहांगीरपुरी, गाजीपुर लैंडफिल साइट का निकटर्ती स्टेशन आनंद विहार और ओखला लैंडफिल साइट का निकटवर्ती स्टेशन ओखला फेज-2 है। यह तीनों ही स्टेशन राजधानी के सबसे गंभीर हॉट स्पॉट में शामिल हैं। वैज्ञानिक आधार पर नहीं बनीं ये साइटें: सेंटर फॉर साइंस एंड एनवायरमेंट (सीएसई) की एग्जीक्यूटिव डायरेक्टर अनुमिता राय चौधरी के अनुसार इन साइटों के पास के एयर क्वालिटी स्टेशनों के आंकलन से यह साफ होता है कि इस प्रदूषण को कम करने के लिए वेस्ट मैनेजमेंट को दुरुस्त करना जरूरी है। सीएसई की वेस्ट मैनेजमेंट प्रोग्राम ऑफिसर रिचा सिंह के अनुसार राजधानी की तीनों लैंडफिल साइट वैज्ञानिक आधार पर बनी ही नहीं हैं। न ही यहां कोई प्रॉपर मैनेजमेंट सिस्टम या गैस सकिंग सिस्टम है। रिचा के अनुसार यहां छोटी मोटी आग पूरे साल में कई बार लगती हैं। साथ ही आसपास रहने वाले लोग स्वास्थ्य संबंधी खतरे की चपेट में रहते हैं। लोगों की हेल्थ पर हो रहा बुरा असर: ग्रीन पीस के कैंपेन मैनेजर अविनाश चंचल के अनुसार दिल्ली-एनसीआर में प्रदूषण की वजहों में लैंडफिल साइट पर लगने वाली आग का बड़ा योगदान है। इससे मीथेन का रिसाव भी होता है। इसका सीधा असर जलवायु परिवर्तन पर पड़ता है। कार्बन डायऑक्साइड का स्तर इस तरह की आग में काफी अधिक होता है। इससे न सिर्फ कार्बन डायऑक्साइड, कार्बन मोनोआक्साइड गैस निकलती हैं, बल्कि हाइड्रोजन सल्फाइड जैसी जहरीली गैसें भी निकलती हैं जो सालों तक हवा में बनी रहती हैं। लोगों के स्वास्थ्य पर भी इसका बुरा असर होता है। पूरे देश की है यह समस्या: सीपीसीबी के सेवानिवृत्त अधिकारी डॉ. डी. साहा ने बताया कि लैंडफिल साइट सामान्य की तुलना में कहीं अधिक गर्म होती हैं। प्रकृतिक तौर पर इन साइटों से कई तरह के रिएक्शन होते हैं और इनकी वजह से डाइऑक्साइन्स और फुरान निकलते हैं। ऐसे में लैंडफिल साइट की समस्या को सिर्फ क्षेत्रीय या एक शहर से जोड़कर नहीं देखा जा सकता, बल्कि यह पूरे देश की समस्या है।

भारत मौसम अपडेट, भारत हीट वेव समाचार

भारत के अधिकांश हिस्सों में मार्च के अंतिम सप्ताह से सामान्य से अधिक गर्म तापमान देखा जा रहा है, मौसम विशेषज्ञों ने इसे नियमित रूप से हल्की बारिश और गरज के अभाव के लिए जिम्मेदार ठहराया है, जो सक्रिय पश्चिमी दंगों की कमी के कारण वर्ष के इस समय की विशेषता है। आईएमडी ने कहा कि भीषण गर्मी शिशुओं, बुजुर्गों और पुरानी बीमारियों वाले लोगों जैसे कमजोर क्षेत्रों के लिए “मध्यम” स्वास्थ्य समस्याएं पैदा कर सकती है। “इसलिए, लोगों को गर्मी के संपर्क में आने से बचना चाहिए, हल्के रंग के, हल्के सूती कपड़े पहनने चाहिए, और अपने सिर को टोपी या छतरी से ढकना चाहिए,” उन्होंने कहा। आईएमडी की एक एडवाइजरी में कहा गया है कि लंबे समय तक धूप में रहने वाले या भारी काम करने वाले लोगों में गर्मी की बीमारी के लक्षणों की संभावना अधिक होती है। जब अधिकतम तापमान 40 डिग्री सेल्सियस से अधिक हो जाता है और सामान्य से कम से कम 4.5 डिग्री अधिक होता है तो लू की घोषणा की जाती है। आईएमडी के अनुसार, सामान्य तापमान से विचलन 6.4 डिग्री से अधिक होने पर भीषण गर्मी की लहर घोषित की जाती है। रिकॉर्ड किए गए पूर्ण तापमान के आधार पर, एक गर्मी की लहर घोषित की जाती है जब कोई क्षेत्र अधिकतम तापमान 45 डिग्री सेल्सियस दर्ज करता है। यदि अधिकतम तापमान 47 डिग्री सेल्सियस को पार कर जाता है तो भीषण गर्मी की लहर घोषित की जाती है। महाराष्ट्र और पश्चिमी राजस्थान के विदर्भ में पिछले दो महीनों से लगातार अधिकतम तापमान 40 डिग्री सेल्सियस से 45 डिग्री सेल्सियस के बीच दर्ज किया गया है। एक पारिस्थितिक थिंक टैंक सेंटर फॉर साइंस एंड एनवायरनमेंट के एक विश्लेषण के अनुसार, 11 मार्च को शुरू हुई पहली हीट वेव्स ने 15 भारतीय राज्यों और केंद्र शासित प्रदेशों (24 अप्रैल तक) को प्रभावित किया है। 71 प्रतिशत वर्षा की कमी के बीच आईएमडी ने 122 साल पहले रिकॉर्ड रखना शुरू करने के बाद से भारत ने इस साल अपना सबसे गर्म मार्च देखा।

Explainer: What is a heatwave and why India is experiencing it so early this year?

The meteorological department defines a heatwave as a condition of air temperature that becomes fatal to the human body. India recorded its warmest March this year since the India Meteorological Department began keeping records 122 years ago. The recent heatwaves began on March 11 and have affected at least 15 Indian states and Union Territories, showed Centre for Science and Environment’s analysis of the meteorological department’s data. Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh have suffered the most with 25 days of heatwave and severe heatwave each during this period. The otherwise supposedly cold hilly state is the one that stands third on this with 21 heatwave days – Himachal Pradesh, followed by Gujarat (19) and Jammu and Kashmir (16). These states have recorded temperatures as high as 40 degrees Celsius-42 degrees Celsius and are expected to see a 2 degrees Celsius-3 degrees Celsius rise. India’s average annual temperature increased at a rate of 0.62 degrees Celsius in the 100 years between 1901 and 2020, according to the World Bank. Heatstroke has killed 11,571 people in the last decade (2011-2020) in India, showed an analysis of the Accidental Deaths & Suicides in India data, published annually by the National Crime Records Bureau. In fact, heatstroke claimed more lives than floods and cold in the past two decades (2000-2020) and became the second leading cause of death from a natural force in the country after lighting, showed the data. While 20,615 people died of a heat stroke, lightning claimed 49,679 lives in the 20 years. This phenomenon is not limited to India as across the world more than 1.66 lakh deaths occurred due to heatwaves between 1998 and 2017, according to the World Health Organization. What’s a heatwave? There is no universally accepted definition of a heatwave, rather it differs from region to region. In India, a heatwave is a condition of air temperature which becomes fatal to the human body when exposed, defines the India Meteorological Department. The weather agency declares a heatwave for a region when the temperature crosses 40 degrees Celsius in the plains, 37 degrees Celsius in coastal areas and 30 degrees Celsius in hilly regions. The weather agency has two more ways to keep a tab on heatwaves. One criterion is to declare a heatwave when a place clocks a temperature 4.5 degrees Celsius-6.4 degrees Celsius more than the normal temperature for the region on that day. If the temperature is over 6.4 degrees Celsius more than normal, the India Meteorological Department declares a “severe” heatwave. Another qualifier is when the temperature crosses the 45 degrees Celsius mark, the weather agency declares a heatwave and when it crosses 47 degrees Celsius, a severe heatwave. If the above criteria is met by at least two monitoring stations in a meteorological sub-division for at least two consecutive days, a heatwave is declared on the second day. Heatwave warnings Heatwaves generally develop over northwest India and spread gradually eastwards and southwards but not westwards (since the prevailing winds during the season are westerly to northwesterly). But on some occasions, a heatwave may also develop over any region in situ under favourable conditions, according to the India Meteorological Department. The meteorological department issues colour codes based on the degree of heat forecasted in a particular region. No cautionary action is required if the colour green is issued. A yellow alert is a heat alert but of moderate temperature. An orange alert falls in the severe heat alert category which can last up to two days. During this period, there is an increased likelihood of heat illness symptoms in people who are either exposed to sun for a prolonged period or do heavy work. A red alert signifies extreme heat. There is a high likelihood of developing heat illness and heat stroke in all ages during this period that can extend up to six days. March heatwave It is a combination of factors that have led to this anomaly. One of them is anticyclones, which, unlike cyclones, cause hot and dry weather by sinking winds around high-pressure systems in the atmosphere. Experts say that anticyclones over western parts of Rajasthan and the absence of rain-bearing western disturbances caused this early onset. “An anticyclone (high-pressure system) over the Indian landmass, drier than usual Western disturbances, a persistent La Niña pressure pattern and Arctic warming,” Avantika Goswami, Programme Manager, Climate Change, at CSE, told FactChecker. “These have led to high temperatures and dry conditions as opposed to storms that would typically occur in March.” Another climate scientist Raghu Murtugudde, from the University of Maryland, explained that a north-south pressure pattern, associated with the La Niña phenomenon in eastern and central India persisted longer than expected and interacted with warm waves coming in from a rapidly warming Arctic region, leading to heatwaves. While the India Meteorological Department has predicted heatwave conditions in parts of western Rajasthan till April 30 and a severe heatwave on May 1, Goswami said temperatures are expected to be high till June. “The last early heat wave occurred in 2019,” she said. “This particular heatwave is expected to see some relief around May 2, but it will pick up again from May 5, till June approximately.” Effect on health Heatwaves are an emerging public health concern. Extreme heat can lead to minor health issues such as rashes, cramps and oedema. But as the temperature soars, heat syncope (fainting occurring from low blood pressure), exhaustion and strokes can occur. Dr Dileep Mavalankar, Director of the Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar, explained that there are two types of heat strokes caused due to exposure to direct sunlight: exertional or direct heat stroke. Direct heatstroke cases account for only 10% of heat strokes, said Dr Mavalankar. “Of the heatstroke cases, 90% are indirect or non-exertional.” “This generally affects people in old age and those with comorbidities,” he explained. “Heat causes further aggravation of their condition because of rapid circulation. To cool the body, the heart functions faster and circulation increases which could lead to the heart’s failure. This leads to an indirect heat stroke.” The body works best at a wet-bulb temperature of 35 degrees Celsius, found a 2020 study published in Science Advances journal. But it also boils down to humidity. Wet-bulb temperature is a measure of humidity in the air. It is measured by a thermometer covered in a water-soaked cloth, and it takes into account both heat and humidity. According to the Centre for Science and Environment, “Factoring in humidity along with the heat, called the heat index, helps determine what the temperature actually ‘feels like’.” Heat impacts much more than physical health. According to a study cited in a March 2022 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report, “Mental health problems increased by 0.5% when average temperatures exceeded 30 degrees Celsius, compared to averages between 25 degrees Celsius-30 degrees Celsius. A 1 degree Celsius warming over five years was associated with a 2% increase in mental health problems.” Until 2015, India did not have a national-level strategy to combat heatwaves and all disaster-related responsibility rested on state governments. In 2016, the government’s National Disaster Management Authority chalked the first national guidelines for heat waves titled “Preparation of Action Plan-Prevention and Management of Heat Wave”. The guidelines aim to help stakeholders, such as state governments, district administrations, local self-governments, NGOs, civil society organisations, prepare a Heat Wave Management Plan by providing insight into heat-related illness and necessary mitigation measures.

Why Guwahati should not depend on rain alone to tackle pollution

A direct consequence of this is an alarming increase in the air pollution levels, which is turning out to be a matter of major concern. For the past 22 years, every time I visited my hometown Guwahati, yearning for a respite from a heavily polluted Delhi, I always looked forward to the blue skies, clean air and freshness. Not so anymore. Now when I visit my hometown, the air is no longer fresh, the skies are grey and everything looks dusty a lot of the time as the vagaries of rapid expansion and growth have taken a toll on this once-beautiful and green city, which is no more than a cacophonic concrete jungle these days. Pristine places such as the Northeast have been always blessed to have favourable weather conditions such as plenty of rain and good wind speed, which help in the rapid dispersal of dust and pollutants — leading to clear, blue skies; often giving the impression that everything is hunky-dory on the pollution front. But that impression could be utterly wrong because pollution, a word once synonymous with Delhi-NCR and the northern plains, is not alien to the Northeast anymore, presumed to be a clean air hotspot. Not even Kashmir or South India. These cities show their true colours when the weather gods aren’t there to help — during winters and dry spells — to help them drive away from the lurking danger; hazardous and toxic pollutants that wreak havoc on our health. On December 22, 2020, a Lancet Planetary Health report attributed at least 1.7 million deaths in India to air pollution in 2019. ADVERTISEMENT CONTINUE READING BELOW Busy and growing cities such as Guwahati, and even small towns, especially, are bearing the brunt of unbridled growth, industrialisation, construction, an increase in the number of vehicles, etc. A direct consequence of this is an alarming increase in air pollution levels, which is turning out to be a matter of major concern. And there are studies to prove this. Research and advocacy group Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) in an analysis late last year pointed to the growing tentacles of air pollution in the Northeast. The CSE analysed the urban air quality status in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, Nagaland, Mizoram, and Arunachal Pradesh, and assessed annual and seasonal trends in PM2.5 concentration for the period January 1, 2019, to December 7, 2021. Guwahati, the study said, had the most polluted air in Northeastern India, comparable to cities of north India.

दिल्‍ली को कितना नुकसान पहुंचा रहे कूड़े के पहाड़? विशेषज्ञों से जानें

सेंटर फॉर साइंस एंड एनवायरनमेंट में वायु प्रदूषण विशेषज्ञ विवेक चट्टोपाध्‍याय बताते हैं कि भलस्‍वा लैंडफिल साइट पर काफी ज्‍यादा मात्रा में कूड़ा जल रहा है. इस दौरान धुआं काफी जहरीला होता है. उसमें पार्टिकुलेट मैटर तो होगा ही. इसमें प्‍लास्टिक जलाने से पैदा होने वाले विषाक्‍त तत्‍व भी नई दिल्‍ली. राजधानी दिल्‍ली तीन ओर से तीन कूड़े के पहाड़ों से घिरी हुई है. इनमें भलस्‍वा लैंडफिल साइट, ओखला और गाजीपुर कूड़े का पहाड़ शामिल हैं. ये तीनों कूड़े के पहाड़ दिल्‍ली के तीन अलग-अलग नगर निगमों के अंतर्गत आते हैं. हाल ही में भलस्‍वा लैंडफिल साइट में आग लगने से एक बार फिर कूड़े के पहाड़ों की ओर सभी का ध्‍यान गया है लेकिन छह दिन से लगातार जल रहे इस ढेर की आग अभी तक नहीं बुझाई जा सकी है. इसमें से जानलेवा धुआं और जहरीली गैसें लगातार निकल रही हैं जो न केवल आसपास के इलाके में बल्कि पूरी दिल्‍ली की हवा को दूषित कर रही हैं. स्‍वास्‍थ्‍य और पर्यावरण से जुड़े विशेषज्ञों की मानें तो ये कूड़े के पहाड़ दिल्‍ली के वातावरण और हवा को जहरीली बनाने के साथ ही लोगों के स्‍वास्‍थ्‍य को भारी नुकसान पहुंचा रहे हैं. दिल्‍ली के तीन इलाकों में बने इन कूड़े के पहाड़नुमा ढेर में हर साल ही आग लगने की सूचनाएं मिलती हैं. दिल्‍ली की गंदगी को समेटे इन ढेरों में लगातार मीथेन गैस बनती है इस वजह से भी यहां आग लगने की घटनाएं होती हैं. दिल्‍ली में सामान्‍य जगहों पर भी आग लगाने में पाबंदी है लेकिन कई सौ एकड़ में फैले इन पहाड़ों में जब तब आग लगती है और जहरीली गैसें वायुमंडल में तैरने लगती हैं. खास बात है कि दिल्‍ली में सॉलिड वेस्‍ट मैनेजमेंट के नियमों के बावजूद ये कूड़े के ढेर बढ़ते जा रहे हैं. विज्ञापन सर्दी में पराली, गर्मी में कूड़े के ढेर… सेंटर फॉर साइंस एंड एनवायरनमेंट में वायु प्रदूषण विशेषज्ञ विवेक चट्टोपाध्‍याय बताते हैं कि भलस्‍वा लैंडफिल साइट पर काफी ज्‍यादा मात्रा में कूड़ा जल रहा है. इस दौरान धुआं काफी जहरीला होता है. उसमें पार्टिकुलेट मैटर तो होगा ही. इसमें प्‍लास्टिक जलाने से पैदा होने वाले विषाक्‍त तत्‍व भी होते हैं. इससे आसपास का इलाका तो जहरीला हो ही रहा है, वहीं हवा का रुख जिस तरफ है ये धुआं उधर पर जाकर इकठ्ठा हो रहा है और सांस के माध्‍यम से लोगों के शरीर में जा रहा है. सर्दी में प्रदूषण के लिए पंजाब आदि राज्‍यों को लेकर कहा जाता है लेकिन यह दिल्‍ली का खुद का मुद्दा है, जिसका समाधान होना काफी जरूरी है. स्‍वास्‍थ्‍य पर ये पड़ रहा है प्रभाव . विवेक कहते हैं कि कूड़े के ढेर में आग लगी है तब तो ये और भी ज्‍यादा खतरनाक हो रहे हैं, वहीं अगर आग नहीं भी लगी है तो भी ये दिल्ली के लोगों के स्‍वास्‍थ्‍य को नुकसान ही पहुंचा रहे हैं. कूड़े के ढेर का दो तरह से स्‍वास्थ्‍य पर असर पड़ता है. एक दीर्घकालीन और एक अल्‍पकालीन यानि थोड़े से समय में ही प्रभाव दिखाई देने लगता है. . कूड़े के ढेर का शॉर्ट टर्म यानि अल्‍पकालीन प्रभाव ये हैं कि लोगों को सांस लेने में तकलीफ होती है. दम घुटता है. जिन लोगों को दमा या अस्‍थमा आदि की शिकायत होती है, उनको काफी परेशानी हो सकती है. फेफड़ों को नुकसान हो सकता है. . कूड़े के ढेर से निकलने वाला धुआं और गैसें कार्बन डाई ऑक्‍साइड, डाईऑक्‍सीन, फ्यूरॉन, कार्बन मोनो ऑक्‍साइड आदि बहुत जहरीली होती हैं जो कैंसर आदि बीमारियों की जन्‍मदाता होती हैं. लंबे समय तक इनके संपर्क में रहने वाले लोगों में कैंसर की बीमारी ज्‍यादा देखी जा सकती है. . सामान्‍य जन-जीवन प्रभावित रहता है. . कूड़े को जलाने से टॉक्सिक रसायन सहित कार्बन कण, बेंजीन, पारा, वैनेडियम आदि विषैले तत्‍व निकलते हैं. . ये विषैली गैसें दिल की बीमारी से जूझ रहे लोगों के लिए भी नुकसानदायक हैं. . कूड़े के ढेर से लगातार गंदा पानी और तरल पदार्थ रिसते रहने से भूगर्भीय जल प्रदूषित हो जाता है. जिसकी वजह से आसपास के इलाके में भूगर्भीय जल भी संक्रमित और बीमारियों का वाहक हो जाता है. ऐसी जगहों पर रह पाना मुश्किल हो जाता है. . कूड़े से निकलने वाली गैसों से वायुमंडल प्रदूषित होता है. इससे लोगों को सांस लेने के लिए स्‍वच्‍छ हवा नहीं मिल पाती. . कूड़े के ढेर के आसपास की जमीनों में भी जहरीले तत्‍व पहुंच जाते हैं, जिसकी वजह से उन खेतों या क्षेत्रों में उगाई जाने वाली फसलें भी जहरीली या विषैली हो जाती हैं और खाने योग्‍य नहीं रहतीं.

It’s not just the soaring heat: With 23 ‘poor’ days, this April also more polluted than last

Gurgaon: The air quality in the city has been worse this month compared to April last year due to a combination of meteorological factors such as higher temperatures and less rainfall and anthropogenic factors such as resumed economic activities and increased vehicular movement. During April last year, the country was under a lockdown at the peak of the second Covid-19 wave, which kept the anthropogenic factors at bay. As a result, the air quality index (AQI) never dipped to ‘very poor’, with the city recording 19 ‘moderate’ and 10 ‘poor’ air days in April 2021. The average AQI was 173.44. However, this April, the city saw three ‘moderate’, 23 ‘poor’ and three ‘very poor’ air days. The average AQI is 243.03. According to the Haryana State Pollution Control Board (HSPCB), less rain and heatwaves have impacted the AQI this April. “We have witnessed more ‘poor’ days this April than last April as the region has witnessed less rain, higher temperatures and more vehicular movement. All these factors have definitely increased the pollutants in the atmosphere,” said S Narayana, member secretary, HSPCB, Gurgaon. According to air quality experts, garbage burning, the use of diesel generator (DG) sets, vehicular emissions, road dust and dust from construction sites are the dominant polluting factors in summer. Experts said that the air quality is likely to deteriorate further in the coming days as the power supply has been erratic, making people depend on DG sets more. Haryana has been facing a power shortage because of a crunch in coal availability at power plants. “Yes, we cannot deny that the use of DG sets will impact the AQI of the city,” said Kuldeep Singh, regional officer, HSPCB, Gurgaon, adding that currently, dust is impacting the AQI majorly. The contribution of road dust to particulate matter in the atmosphere has been high this month due to the lack of rain. “In summer, the dust pollution increases by 33%. Also, heatwaves this month have increased small fires across the region, contributing to air pollution. Meanwhile, dry conditions and low humidity increased overall pollutants in the atmosphere,” Anumita Roychowdhury, the executive director of research and advocacy at the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), said. The frequent use of DG sets will further increase pollution levels, she added.

Bhalswa landfill fire: Environment Minister directs DPCC to impose Rs 50 lakh fine on North MCD

The environment department has also issued directions to the North MCD to provide permanent water tanker stations at the landfill site to deal with insufficient water supply, and increase the number of field workers, according to Rai. Environment Minister Gopal Rai has directed the Delhi Pollution Control Committee (DPCC) to impose a fine of Rs 50 lakh on the North Delhi Municipal Corporation for the fire that broke out at the Bhalswa landfill recently. The environment department has also issued directions to the North MCD to provide permanent water tanker stations at the landfill site to deal with insufficient water supply, and increase the number of field workers, according to Rai. The North MCD has also been directed to construct peripheral roads for easy transportation at the landfill site, stated a communication from the Environment Minister’s office. Last week, Rai held a meeting with representatives from various organisations, institutions and departments including The Energy and Resources Institute, Centre for Science and Environment, IIT Delhi, DPCC, and the MCDs to determine a way to deal with methane emissions from landfill sites. There have been four instances of fires at landfills so far this summer — three at Ghazipur and one at Bhalswa. Last month, the Environment Minister directed the DPCC to impose a fine of Rs 50 lakh on the East MCD for the fire that broke out at the Ghazipur landfill. Rai said that according to the report submitted by the DPCC on the Bhalswa landfill fire, “constant discharge of methane gas from these landfill sites, rising temperatures in Delhi, and a dry atmosphere are among the main reasons behind the regular fires in landfill sites”. A four-member team comprising representatives from the East and North MCDs and the DPCC will visit Mumbai on May 2 to collect information on a “gas sucking” mechanism that was used there, the communication said.

Delhi sizzles, to weather duststorms next

At 43.5 degrees Celsius, the national capital on Thursday saw the second warmest April day in the past 52 years and the warmest day of the month since 2010. Severe heatwaves gripped the entire city, while at least one area sizzled at 46 degrees Celsius, the warmest in the country along with Hissar in Haryana.While heatwaves may continue till Saturday, duststorms on Friday, Sunday and Wednesday, as predicted by India Meteorological Department (IMD), are likely to worsen Delhi’s air quality over the next few days. The air quality index (AQI) was 295 on Thursday, in the higher end of the “poor” category, compared with 285 on Wednesday. The maximum temperature of 43.5 degrees Celsius at Delhi’s base station, Safdarjung, was five notches above the season’s average as against 41.5 degrees on Wednesday. On April 18, 2010, Safdarjung recorded 43.7 degrees Celsius, which was the highest for April since 1969. According to IMD, the Commonwealth Games Village Sports Complex recorded a maximum temperature of 46 degrees Celsius, followed by Mungeshpur at 45.8, Najafgarh at 45.4, Pitampura at 45.2 and the Ridge at 45.1 degrees Celsius. The minimum temperature was, however, a notch below the season’s average at 23 degrees Celsius as against 22.2 degrees a day earlier. According to IMD, the maximum temperature is likely to hover around 44 degrees Celsius on Friday. “The heatwaves will continue despite strong gusty winds. Sunday may see some respite from heatwaves, but the mercury will soar again from Monday,” said an official. Meanwhile, System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting and Research (SAFAR) predicted “very poor” AQI for the next three days. According to experts, dust becomes a major source of pollution during summer because high temperature makes the soil dry. According to a 2018 source apportionment study by The Energy and Resources Institute and Automotive Research Association of India, dust — soil, road and construction — contributes 25% of PM10 and 17% of PM2.5 in Delhi’s air pollution during the winter. However, during summers, the contribution is 42% in PM10 and 38% in PM2.5, it stated. A study conducted by SAFAR said that despite the lockdown, the daily average PM10 level increased from 65ug/m3 on May 22, 2021 to 684ug/m3 overnight due to large-scale dust transport. “Unlike previous summers, dust-raising winds have not travelled to Delhi this season so far,” said R K Jenamani, a senior scientist at IMD. Gufran Beig, founder project director of SAFAR, said, “Delhi is experiencing double knock, the forthcoming impact of duststorm, which largely increases PM10 and dumpyard fires that largely contribute in PM2.5 ” Anumita Roychowdhury of Centre for Science and Environment said tackling this pollution would require extensive urban greening, protection of forests, and soil stabilisation along with greening to create a green barrier against wind-blown dust.

3 landfills have cost Delhi ₹450 cr in environmental damages: Study

Experts considered factors such as the leachate generated over time and the legacy waste accumulated at the landfills and the violations of solid waste management rules to calculate the damage to the environment. Delhi’s three landfill sites – Bhalswa, Okhla and Ghazipur -- have cost more than ₹450 crores in environmental degradation to the national capital so far and with no noticeable progress being made to reduce the millions of tonnes of waste at these dumping sites, according to a study by a team of experts that was submitted to the National Green Tribunal in January last year. The study conducted by experts from National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and IIT-Delhi assessed the damage due to Bhalswa was worth ₹155.9 crore, Okhla caused ecological damaged to the tune of ₹151.1 crore and Ghazipur has led to an environmental damage of ₹142.5 crore. The experts considered factors such as the leachate generated over time and the legacy waste accumulated at the landfills and the violations of solid waste management rules to calculate the damage to the environment. The Bhalswa landfill site was commissioned in 1994 and has accumulated 8 million tonnes of legacy waste, with the site exhausting its capacity in 2006. The Okhla site was commissioned in 1994 and holds 6 million tonnes of legacy waste, with the site exhausting its capacity in 2010. The Ghazipur site is Delhi’s oldest and was commissioned in 1984, and has already accumulate 14 million tonnes of legacy waste. In 2019, following an order by the National Green Tribunal (NGT order), the three municipal corporations started carrying out bio-mining and bio-remediation. However, with fresh dumping still continuing, the pace of clearing inert legacy waste has remained slow. “High level of chemical oxygen demand (COD) & Iron (Fe) reported in groundwater at all three sites, which may be due to leachate from the dumpsite. Chlorides, total dissolved solids (TDS), total soluble solids (TSS) and turbidity was reported in surface water body (Bhalswa lake) located within a radius of 0-1 km from Bhalswa site, which may be due to leachate from the dumpsite,” the committee had said in its groundwater and water analysis. Leachate was found to be reaching as far as 3 to 5 kilometres away from Ghazipur, with high COD values reported at Sanjay Lake too, the report said. COD is an indicative measure of the amount of oxygen that can be consumed by reactions in a measured solution. The most common application of COD is to quantify the amount of oxidizable pollutants found in surface water (lakes and rivers) or wastewater. “Even a small amount of landfill leachate and highly concentrated heavy metals can pollute a large volume of surface as well as groundwater, making it unfit for consumption. These leachates and heavy metals can ultimately enter food chain and in the long run, can affect natural and human resources,” the study said. Air carrying pollutants all around These landfill sites are also a big source of air pollution, with contaminants from these sites travelling to as long as 5 kilometres away, aided by strong winds. Even when the landfill is not burning, these landfill sites are a constant source of greenhouses gases such as carbon dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and sulphur, toxic chemicals, furans, dioxins and unburnt hydrocarbons, and most importantly, methane, which is said to be 84 times as potent as carbon dioxide, in absorbing the sun’s rays. People near these landfills breathe some of the worst air in the city, experts have said. While the NGT-formed expert committee was unable to find a direct correlation between air pollution within a 5-km radius of the dumpsite and the activities occurring there, these landfill fires are often seen to have an impact in terms of air quality at the nearest ambient air quality monitoring stations. Following Tuesday’s landfill fire breaking out at Bhalswa, the hourly PM 2.5 and PM 10 concentration spiked to nearly 9-10 times the national safe limits in the early hours of Wednesday at the Jahangirpuri air quality monitoring station, the nearest station to the site and located less than 5kms away from the landfill. Nearest ambient air quality monitoring stations to these landfill sites also feature among the list of 13 pollution hotspots in Delhi, official data shows. Jahangirpuri station is closest to Bhalswa, Anand Vihar station is near Ghazipur, the Okhla Phase-II station is located near Okhla landfill site -- and all three locations feature in the list of pollution hot spots drawn by the Delhi Pollution Control Committee. Anumita Roychowdhury, executive director, research and advocacy at the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), said even when these landfills are not on fire, they release pollutants into the ai. “The data from these ambient air quality monitoring stations is evident and it underlines the fact that waste management is an important step towards tacking air pollution,” she said. Richa Singh, programme officer, Waste Management Programme, CSE said that calling the three sites ‘landfills’ would be inaccurate, as they are without any proper leachate management system or a gas sucking system, and added that the three are “dump sites” that were built without adequate planning and are now constantly damaging the environment. “These major fire incidents are being captured, but these landfill sites are burning almost throughout the year with minor fires or smoke breaking out from one corner or the other and this process of mixed waste catching fire releases dioxins and furans which are carcinogenic in nature, along with polyaromatic hydrocarbons which are also carcinogenic. There are long-term health impacts including breathing problems for those regularly breathing such air near the landfill sites,” she said. Dipankar Saha, former head of the air laboratory at CPCB said landfill sites have been found to be much warmer since they release large number of greenhouse gases, including CO2 and methane. “There is a lot of activity occurring at a landfill site naturally, including the release of dioxins and furans, but the release of greenhouse gases means their impact is not limited to the neighbourhood or the city, but they are a nationwide problem,” he said, and added that long-term planning is required to phase out these dump sites.

Heatwave in India leaves millions struggling to cope

Millions of Indians are experiencing a brutal heatwave that is throwing lives and livelihoods out of gear — and there is no relief in sight. "Temperatures are rising rapidly in the country, and rising much earlier than usual," Prime Minister Narendra Modi told state chief ministers on Wednesday. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has forecast a gradual rise in maximum temperatures by 2-4C over most parts of north-western and central India this week, with "no large change thereafter". While heatwaves are common in India, especially in May and June, summer began early this year with high temperatures from March itself - average maximum temperatures in the month were the highest in 122 years. Heatwaves also began setting in during the month. The Centre for Science and Environment, a think-tank, says that early heatwaves this year have affected around 15 states, including the northern state of Himachal Pradesh, known for its pleasant temperatures. This week, the mercury in the capital, Delhi, is expected to cross 44C. Naresh Kumar, a senior scientist at IMD, attributes the current heatwave to local atmospheric factors. The major one was weak western disturbances - storms originating in the Mediterranean region - which meant little pre-monsoon rainfall in north-western and central India. Anticyclones - an area of high atmospheric pressure where the air sinks - also led to hot, dry weather over parts of western India in March. The effects are visible. Farmers say the unexpected temperature spikes have affected their wheat harvest, a development that could potentially have global consequences given supply disruptions due to the Ukraine war. The heat has also triggered an increase in power demand, leading to outages in many states and fears of a coal shortage. Modi also flagged the increased risk of fires due to rising temperatures. Summers have always been gruelling in many parts of India - especially in the northern and central regions. Even before air-conditioners and water coolers started selling in the millions, people had devised their own ways of coping with the heat - from keeping water cool in earthen jugs to rubbing raw mangoes on their bodies to ward off heat strokes. But many experts say India is now recording more intense, frequent heatwaves that are also longer in duration. Roxy Mathew Koll, a climate scientist at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, agrees that several atmospheric factors have led to the current heatwave. But adding to all that, he says, is global warming. "That's the root cause for the increase in heatwaves," he says, adding that more research is needed to link climate change to other, less extreme weather fluctuations. D Sivananda Pai, director of the Institute for Climate Change Studies, points to other challenges too, apart from climate change - such as increasing population and the resultant strain on resources. This, in turn, leads to factors that worsen the situation, such as deforestation and increasing use of transport. "When you have more concrete roads and buildings, heat is trapped inside without being able to rise to the surface. This warms the air further," Pai says. And the cost of such extreme weather events is disproportionately borne by the poor. "Poor people have fewer resources to cool down as well as fewer options to stay inside, away from the heat," says Dr Chandni Singh, senior researcher at Indian Institute for Human Settlements and a lead author at Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). While more attention is paid to mortality due to heatwaves, Ms Singh says policymakers should also focus on how extreme weather affects the quality of people's lives. "Heatwaves can have serious health consequences. If temperatures are high even at night, the body doesn't get a chance to recuperate, increasing the possibility of illnesses and higher medical bills," she says. A "long-term vision", Koll says, is essential when planning for the future. "There are places in India where the temperature itself may not be that high, but when combined with high humidity, life can be very difficult," he says, referring to the need to take into account the wet-bulb temperature - a scientific measure of when heat and humidity combine. He also emphasises on paying attention to areas away from the spotlight. "Many children in rural areas attend schools in sheds with tin roofs, which would be unbearable in the heat," he says. Since 2015, both the federal and state governments have issued a number of measures to mitigate the effects of heatwaves, such as banning working outside during the hottest hours and issuing timely advisories. But these can only be completely effective if accompanied by big-picture changes such as an overhaul of labour laws and greening cities, Singh says. "Our buildings are made in such a way that they trap heat instead of ensuring ventilation. There is so much innovation internationally that we can learn from," she says. "We are doing some things right but it's time to up our game because we have to live with the heat." — BBC

India experiencing highest temperatures in 122 years

Millions of Indians are experiencing a brutal heatwave that is throwing lives and livelihoods out of gear – and there is no relief in sight. “Temperatures are rising rapidly in the country, and rising much earlier than usual,” Prime Minister Narendra Modi told state chief ministers on Wednesday. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) has forecast a gradual rise in maximum temperatures by 2-4C over most parts of north-western and central India this week, with “no large change thereafter”. While heatwaves are common in India, especially in May and June, summer began early this year with high temperatures from March itself – average maximum temperatures in the month were the highest in 122 years. Heatwaves also began setting in during the month. The Centre for Science and Environment, a think-tank, says that early heatwaves this year have affected around 15 states, including the northern state of Himachal Pradesh, known for its pleasant temperatures. This week, the mercury in the capital, Delhi, is expected to cross 44C. Naresh Kumar, a senior scientist at IMD, attributes the current heatwave to local atmospheric factors. The major one was weak western disturbances – storms originating in the Mediterranean region – which meant little pre-monsoon rainfall in north-western and central India. Anticyclones – an area of high atmospheric pressure where the air sinks – also led to hot, dry weather over parts of western India in March. The effects are visible. Farmers say the unexpected temperature spikes have affected their wheat harvest, a development that could potentially have global consequences given supply disruptions due to the Ukraine war. The heat has also triggered an increase in power demand, leading to outages in many states and fears of a coal shortage. Modi also flagged the increased risk of fires due to rising temperatures. Summers have always been gruelling in many parts of India – especially in the northern and central regions. Even before air-conditioners and water coolers started selling in the millions, people had devised their own ways of coping with the heat – from keeping water cool in earthen jugs to rubbing raw mangoes on their bodies to ward off heat strokes. But many experts say India is now recording more intense, frequent heatwaves that are also longer in duration. Roxy Mathew Koll, a climate scientist at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, agrees that several atmospheric factors have led to the current heatwave. But adding to all that, he says, is global warming. “That’s the root cause for the increase in heatwaves,” he says, adding that more research is needed to link climate change to other, less extreme weather fluctuations. (BBC)

अपशिष्ट प्रबंधन से ही प्रदूषण मुक्त होंगी देश की नदियां

जब तक हम अपना अपशिष्ट प्रबंधन तंत्र ठीक नहीं कर लेते, नदियों को प्रदूषण मुक्त नहीं किया जा सकता। जरूरी है कि शहरों का सीवेज प्रबंधन समुचित हो और उद्योग प्रदूषण न फैलाएं। जलवायु संकट के इस दौर में हमें यह चुनौती पहचाननी ही होगी। वर्षा की अनियमितता के कारण पानी की कमी बढ़ती जाएगी। हमें इस तनाव का प्रबंधन करना ही होगा। जलाशयों में वर्षा जल का संचय तो करना ही होगा, यह भी सुनिश्चित करना होगा कि जल की एक बूंद भी प्रदूषित न हो। सतत विकास की हरित अवधारणा की पैरोकार, सीएसई की महानिदेशक जब तक हम अपना अपशिष्ट प्रबंधन तंत्र ठीक नहीं कर लेते, नदियों को प्रदूषण मुक्त नहीं किया जा सकता। भारत कई सालों से इसी कोशिश में लगा है कि हमारी नदियां प्रदूषित नहीं हों, लेेकिन सफलता नहीं मिल रही। जरूरी है कि शहरों का सीवेज प्रबंधन समुचित हो और उद्योग प्रदूषण न फैलाएं। जलवायु संकट के इस दौर में हमें यह चुनौती पहचाननी ही होगी। वर्षा की अनियमितता के कारण पानी की कमी बढ़ती जाएगी। हमें इस तनाव का प्रबंधन करना ही होगा। जलाशयों में वर्षा जल का संचय तो करना ही होगा, यह भी सुनिश्चित करना होगा कि जल की एक बूंद भी प्रदूषित न हो। राष्ट्रीय स्वच्छ गंगा मिशन के तहत पाया गया कि नदियों में प्रदूषण से जंग तब तक नहीं जीती जा सकती, जब तक कि प्रत्येक भारतीय के पास शौचालय न हो, मानव मल-मूत्र विसर्जन से जुड़ा तंत्र न हो, ताकि यह प्रदूषण और खराब स्वास्थ्य का स्रोत न बने। असल एजेंडा केवल शौचालय बनाना नहीं, बल्कि ऐसा स्वच्छता तंत्र बनाना है, जो सभी के लिए उपलब्ध हो। विकास स्थाई रूप से हो, इसके लिए जरूरी है यह सबके लिए कम खर्च में उपलब्ध और समावेशी हो। हमारी असल चुनौती यही है, जो हमें अलग व प्रभावी ढंग से काम करने का अवसर देती है। अभी तक शहरी स्वच्छता थोड़ी महंगी रही है, लेकिन अलग-अलग शहरों में मल-मूत्र अपशिष्ट की स्थिति भयावह है। इसका सही निस्तारण नहीं हो रहा। इसकी एक वजह यह है कि हम अक्सर शौचालय को स्वच्छता से जोड़ देते हैं। दरअसल, शौचालय से ही मल-मूत्र को पाइप से जुड़े नाले से बाहर कर दिया जाता है लेकिन यह पाइप सीवेज ट्रीटमेंट प्लांट(एसटीपी) से जुड़ा होना जरूरी है, जो हो सकता है नहीं भी जुड़ा हो। यानी घरेलू अपशिष्ट का सुरक्षित निस्तारण नहीं हो पाता। यह अक्सर बिना किसी शोधन प्रक्रिया के पास की नदी में छोड़ दिया जाता है। यह मैला पानी ही बढ़ते प्रदूषण का कारण है। इस कारण बीमारियां भी बढ़ती हैं। बजाय महंगे भूमिगत सीवर नेटवर्क बनने का इंतजार करने के एक और रास्ता है, जिसे मल-मूत्र के निस्तारण का विकल्प माना जा सकता है। आज भारत के बहुत से मकान सैप्टिक टैंक से जुड़े हैं। अगर इन सेप्टिक टैंकों का निर्माण अच्छी तरह करवाया गया है, तो यह कीचड़ जमा कर पानी को एक गड्ढे में छोड़ देता है। जमा मल को आगे निस्तारण के लिए भेजा जा सकता है। यह व्यवस्था तभी कारगर है जबकि सेप्टिक टैंक खास तौर पर इसी के अनुरूप तैयार किया गया हो। सही तरह से निस्तारित मल को ट्रीटमेंट पॉइंट पर ले जाया जाता है, ताकि इसे पुन: इस्तेमाल के लिए सुरक्षित बनाया जा सके। मानव मल-मूत्र का रूपान्तरण कर इसे उर्वरक की तरह उपयोग कर नाइट्रोजन साइकल में बदल सकते हैं। यह ऑर्गेनिक खाद के तौर पर खेतों में काम में लिया जा सकता है या इसे ट्रीट करने के बाद अन्य ऑर्गेनिक अपशिष्ट जैसे रसोई से निकलने वाले कचरे के साथ मिलाकर बायोगैस या ईंधन बनाने के काम में लिया जा सकता है। हम प्राचीन रोम और टोक्यो के उदाहरण से सीख सकते हैं। रोम में बड़े-बड़े जलसेतु बनाए जाते थे, जिनके जरिये निवास स्थलों तक पानी लाया जाता था। विशेषज्ञ रोम के इस जलापूर्ति तंत्र की सराहना करते आए हैं, लेकिन यही रोम का पर्यावरण कुप्रबंधन साबित हुआ। यही वहां की प्रमुख नदी टाइबर के प्रदूषण का कारण बना। घरों का अपशिष्ट बह कर नदी में मिलने के कारण अब लोगों को दूर से चल कर पानी लाना पड़ता था। इसके विपरीत जापान के पारम्परिक समाज ने अपने मल-मूत्र को नदियों में नहीं बहने दिया। इसके लिए उन्होंने इसे खाद में बदला और खेतों में उपयोग किया। जल एवं सभ्यता साथ-साथ चलते हैं। इसलिए पानी की कमी का कारण मात्र वर्षा कम होना ही नहीं है। जल संरक्षण और उसके भंडार को साझा करने में समाज की विफलता भी एक कारण है। कुल मिलाकर, कहा जा सकता है कि हम तब तक अपनी नदियों का स्थाई प्रबंधन नहीं कर सकते, जब तक कि अपशिष्ट प्रबंधन को ठीक नहीं कर लेते। शुद्ध जल की उपलब्धता न केवल जल के विवेकपूर्ण प्रबंधन पर, बल्कि अपशिष्ट के समुचित प्रबंधन पर भी निर्भर है।

Heat wave in India leaves millions struggling to cope

India's weather department has issued a severe heatwave warning as temperatures soar, throwing millions of lives and livelihoods out of gear. "Temperatures are rising rapidly in the country, and rising much earlier than usual," Prime Minister Narendra Modi told state chief ministers on Wednesday. India Meteorological Department (IMD) has forecast a gradual rise in maximum temperatures by 2- 4C over most parts of north-western and central India this week, with "no large change thereafter". While heatwaves are common in India, especially in May and June, summer began early this year with high temperatures from March itself - average maximum temperatures in the month were the highest in 122 years. Heatwaves also began setting in during the month. The Centre for Science and Environment, a think-tank, said that early heatwaves this year have affected around 15 states, including the northern state of Himachal Pradesh, known for its pleasant temperatures. This week, the mercury in the capital, Delhi, is expected to cross 44C. Naresh Kumar, a senior scientist at IMD, attributed the current heatwave to local atmospheric factors. The major one was weak western disturbances - storms originating in the Mediterranean region - which meant little pre-monsoon rainfall in north-western and central India. Anticyclones - an area of high atmospheric pressure where the air sinks - also led to hot, dry weather over parts of western India in March. The effects are visible. Farmers say the unexpected temperature spikes have affected their wheat harvest, a development that could potentially have global consequences given supply disruptions due to the Ukraine war. The heat has also triggered an increase in power demand, leading to outages in many states and fears of a coal shortage. Modi also flagged the increased risk of fires due to rising temperatures. Summers have always been gruelling in many parts of India - especially in the northern and central regions. Even before air-conditioners and water coolers started selling in the millions, people devised their own ways of coping with the heat - from keeping water cool in earthen jugs to rubbing raw mangoes on their bodies to ward off heat strokes. But many experts say India is now recording more intense, frequent heatwaves that are also longer in duration. Roxy Mathew Koll, a climate scientist at the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, agreeed that several atmospheric factors have led to the current heatwave. But adding to all that, he said, is global warming. "That's the root cause for the increase in heatwaves," he said, adding that more research is needed to link climate change to other, less extreme weather fluctuations. D Sivananda Pai, director of the Institute for Climate Change Studies, pointed to other challenges too, apart from climate change - such as increasing population and the resultant strain on resources. This, in turn, lead to factors that worsen the situation, such as deforestation and increasing use of transport. "When you have more concrete roads and buildings, heat is trapped inside without being able to rise to the surface. This warms the air further," Pai said. And the cost of such extreme weather events is disproportionately borne by the poor. "Poor people have fewer resources to cool down as well as fewer options to stay inside, away from the heat," said Dr Chandni Singh, senior researcher at Indian Institute for Human Settlements and a lead author at Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). While more attention is paid to mortality due to heatwaves, Singh said policymakers should also focus on how extreme weather affects the quality of people's lives. "Heatwaves can have serious health consequences. If temperatures are high even at night, the body doesn't get a chance to recuperate, increasing the possibility of illnesses and higher medical bills," she said. A "long-term vision", Koll said, is essential when planning for the future. "There are places in India where the temperature itself may not be that high, but when combined with high humidity, life can be very difficult," he said, referring to the need to take into account the wet-bulb temperature - a scientific measure of when heat and humidity combine. He also emphasised on paying attention to areas away from the spotlight. "Many children in rural areas attend schools in sheds with tin roofs, which would be unbearable in the heat," he said. Since 2015, both the federal and state governments have issued a number of measures to mitigate the effects of heatwaves, such as banning working outside during the hottest hours and issuing timely advisories. But these can only be completely effective if accompanied by big-picture changes such as an overhaul of labour laws and greening cities, Singh said. "Our buildings are made in such a way that they trap heat instead of ensuring ventilation. There is so much innovation internationally that we can learn from," she said. "We are doing some things right but it's time to up our game - because we have to live with the heat."