CSE analyses Air Pollution In central India, Finds Singaruli and Gwalior Worst Polluted Cities Contents are write protected, please see the details click the following link https://theeasternlink.com/cse-analyses-air-pollution-in-central-india-finds-singaruli-and-gwalior-worst-polluted-cities/
It is not only the northern part of India that is in the grip of severe winter pollution. Several cities in other regions — including the central Indian states of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh — are experiencing a worsening of winter pollution, finds a latest analysis from Centre for Science and Environment (CSE). "Even though real time air quality data is extremely limited in this region, whatever real time data is emerging from only 17 cities of these two big states indicates a growing crisis and vulnerability to winter smog. This demands early and stronger multi-sector action at a regional scale to meet the clean air targets,” says Anumita Roychowdhury, executive director, research and advocacy, CSE.
Experts have time and again demanded that neighbouring states and the NCR cities shift their buses, taxis and autos completely to CNG to curb pollution Contents are write protected, please see the details click the following link https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/bad-air-taking-cue-from-delhi-public-transport-in-ncr-cities-must-shift-to-cng-101641306157402.html
It is not only the northern part of India that is in the grip of severe winter pollution but several cities in other regions -- including in the central Indian states of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh -- are experiencing a worsening of winter pollution, finds a latest analysis from Centre for Science and Environment (CSE). The analysis shows that air pollution during winter is a problem in all the cities in these two states, with Gwalior and Singrauli having the worst air quality -- as bad as the winter air quality of cities in the National Capital Region and Uttar Pradesh. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution is also high in these cities, with Indore recording the highest for the region. Singrauli, a small town in eastern Madhya Pradesh, but designated as a critically polluted area by the Central Pollution Control Board, has the most polluted air in the region with a 2021 average of 81 micrograms per metre cube. It is followed by Gwalior and Katni that have 2021 averages of 56 micrograms per metre cube and 54 micrograms per metre cube, respectively. The 2021 average has bypassed the 2020 average in all the major cities -- Bhopal, Indore, Jabalpur and Ujjain -- and it does not meet the annual standard as well. "Satna has the lowest 2021 average value, but the quality of data from the city's only station is suspect. Bilaspur, Bhilai and Maihar do not have adequate data for computation of annual values," a release from the CSE said on Monday. "Even though real time air quality data is extremely limited in this region, whatever real time data is emerging from only 17 cities of these two big states indicate a growing crisis and vulnerability to winter smog. This demands early and stronger multi-sector action at a regional scale to meet the clean air targets," said executive director, research and advocacy, CSE, Anumita Roychowdhury. "Gaps in air quality data and lack of quality control of data makes it difficult to construct reliable air quality trends and do proper risk assessment," said Avikal Somvanshi, programme manager, Urban Lab, CSE. "The worsening of air quality in the region has not drawn adequate public attention. In winter, air quality of cities such as Singrauli, Gwalior, Jabalpur and Katni could get nearly three times worse than their annual average levels." The CSE analysis of air quality status in cities of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh is an assessment of annual and seasonal trends in PM2.5 concentration for the period January 1, 2019 to December 12, 2021. This analysis is based on real time data available from the current working air quality monitoring stations in central India. The analysis covers 18 continuous ambient air quality monitoring stations (CAAQMS) spread across 17 cities in the two states -- two stations in Gwalior and one station each at Bhopal, Damoh, Dewas, Indore, Jabalpur, Katni, Maihar, Mandideep, Pithampur, Ratlam, Sagar, Satna, Singrauli, Ujjain, Bhilai and Bilaspur. Air quality monitoring is still very limited in the central region. Cities in MP have data available for over two years; but real time monitors in Chhattisgarh became operational only in the latter half of 2021, which limits the possibility of assessing long term trends. Therefore, the data is indicative of the current status of air quality and seasonal variations in particulate pollution in medium and smaller cities in the region, the CSE release said.
It is essential to ensure coordinated effort by all city administrations in improving the transport infrastructure Contents are write protected, please see the details click the following link.. https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/what-delhi-needs-is-a-comprehensive-and-convenient-public-transport-plan-101641209618093-amp.html
It is not only the northern part of India that is in the grip of severe winter pollution but several cities in other regions — including in the central Indian states of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh — are experiencing a worsening of winter pollution, Finds a latest analysis from Centre for Science and Environment (CSE). The analysis shows that air pollution during winter is a problem in all the cities in these two states, with Gwalior and Singrauli having the worst air quality — as bad as the winter air quality of cities in the National Capital Region and Uttar Pradesh. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution is also high in these cities, with Indore recording the highest for the region. Singrauli, a small town in eastern Madhya Pradesh, but designated as a critically polluted area by the Central Pollution Control Board, has the most polluted air in the region with a 2021 average of 81 micrograms per metre cube. It is followed by Gwalior and Katni that have 2021 averages of 56 micrograms per metre cube and 54 micrograms per metre cube, respectively. The 2021 average has bypassed the 2020 average in all the major cities — Bhopal, Indore, Jabalpur and Ujjain — and it does not meet the annual standard as well. “Satna has the lowest 2021 average value, but the quality of data from the city’s only station is suspect.Bilaspur, Bhilai and Maihar do not have adequate data for computation of annual values,” a release from the CSE said on Monday. “Even though real time air quality data is extremely limited in this region, whatever real time data is emerging from only 17 cities of these two big states indicate a growing crisis and vulnerability to winter smog.This demands early and stronger multi-sector action at a regional scale to meet the clean air targets,” said executive director, research and advocacy, CSE, Anumita Roychowdhury. “Gaps in air quality data and lack of quality control of data makes it difficult to construct reliable air quality trends and do proper risk assessment,” said Avikal Somvanshi, programme manager, Urban Lab, CSE. “The worsening of air quality in the region has not drawn adequate public attention.In winter, air quality of cities such as Singrauli, Gwalior, Jabalpur and Katni could get nearly three times worse than their annual average levels.” The CSE analysis of air quality status in cities of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh is an assessment of annual and seasonal trends in PM2.5 concentration for the period January 1, 2019 to December 12, 2021.This analysis is based on real time data available from the current working air quality monitoring stations in central India. The analysis covers 18 continuous ambient air quality monitoring stations (CAAQMS) spread across 17 cities in the two states — two stations in Gwalior and one station each at Bhopal, Damoh, Dewas, Indore, Jabalpur, Katni, Maihar, Mandideep, Pithampur, Ratlam, Sagar, Satna, Singrauli, Ujjain, Bhilai and Bilaspur. Air quality monitoring is still very limited in the central region. Cities in MP have data available for over two years; but real time monitors in Chhattisgarh became operational only in the latter half of 2021, which limits the possibility of assessing long term trends.Therefore, the data is indicative of the current status of air quality and seasonal variations in particulate pollution in medium and smaller cities in the region, the CSE release said.
It is not only the northern part of India that is in the grip of severe winter pollution but several cities in other regions -- including in the central Indian states of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh -- are experiencing a worsening of winter pollution, finds a latest analysis from Centre for Science and Environment (CSE). The analysis shows that air pollution during winter is a problem in all the cities in these two states, with Gwalior and Singrauli having the worst air quality -- as bad as the winter air quality of cities in the National Capital Region and Uttar Pradesh. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution is also high in these cities, with Indore recording the highest for the region. Singrauli, a small town in eastern Madhya Pradesh, but designated as a critically polluted area by the Central Pollution Control Board, has the most polluted air in the region with a 2021 average of 81 micrograms per metre cube. It is followed by Gwalior and Katni that have 2021 averages of 56 micrograms per metre cube and 54 micrograms per metre cube, respectively. The 2021 average has bypassed the 2020 average in all the major cities -- Bhopal, Indore, Jabalpur and Ujjain -- and it does not meet the annual standard as well. "Satna has the lowest 2021 average value, but the quality of data from the city's only station is suspect. Bilaspur, Bhilai and Maihar do not have adequate data for computation of annual values," a release from the CSE said on Monday. "Even though real time air quality data is extremely limited in this region, whatever real time data is emerging from only 17 cities of these two big states indicate a growing crisis and vulnerability to winter smog. This demands early and stronger multi-sector action at a regional scale to meet the clean air targets," said executive director, research and advocacy, CSE, Anumita Roychowdhury. "Gaps in air quality data and lack of quality control of data makes it difficult to construct reliable air quality trends and do proper risk assessment," said Avikal Somvanshi, programme manager, Urban Lab, CSE. "The worsening of air quality in the region has not drawn adequate public attention. In winter, air quality of cities such as Singrauli, Gwalior, Jabalpur and Katni could get nearly three times worse than their annual average levels." The CSE analysis of air quality status in cities of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh is an assessment of annual and seasonal trends in PM2.5 concentration for the period January 1, 2019 to December 12, 2021. This analysis is based on real time data available from the current working air quality monitoring stations in central India. The analysis covers 18 continuous ambient air quality monitoring stations (CAAQMS) spread across 17 cities in the two states -- two stations in Gwalior and one station each at Bhopal, Damoh, Dewas, Indore, Jabalpur, Katni, Maihar, Mandideep, Pithampur, Ratlam, Sagar, Satna, Singrauli, Ujjain, Bhilai and Bilaspur. Air quality monitoring is still very limited in the central region. Cities in MP have data available for over two years; but real time monitors in Chhattisgarh became operational only in the latter half of 2021, which limits the possibility of assessing long term trends. Therefore, the data is indicative of the current status of air quality and seasonal variations in particulate pollution in medium and smaller cities in the region, the CSE release said.
It is not only the northern part of India that is in the grip of severe winter pollution but several cities in other regions — including in the central Indian states of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh — are experiencing a worsening of winter pollution, finds a latest analysis from Centre for Science and Environment (CSE). The analysis shows that air pollution during winter is a problem in all the cities in these two states, with Gwalior and Singrauli having the worst air quality — as bad as the winter air quality of cities in the National Capital Region and Uttar Pradesh. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution is also high in these cities, with Indore recording the highest for the region. Singrauli, a small town in eastern Madhya Pradesh, but designated as a critically polluted area by the Central Pollution Control Board, has the most polluted air in the region with a 2021 average of 81 micrograms per metre cube. It is followed by Gwalior and Katni that have 2021 averages of 56 micrograms per metre cube and 54 micrograms per metre cube, respectively. The 2021 average has bypassed the 2020 average in all the major cities — Bhopal, Indore, Jabalpur and Ujjain — and it does not meet the annual standard as well. “Satna has the lowest 2021 average value, but the quality of data from the city’s only station is suspect. Bilaspur, Bhilai and Maihar do not have adequate data for computation of annual values,” a release from the CSE said on Monday. “Even though real time air quality data is extremely limited in this region, whatever real time data is emerging from only 17 cities of these two big states indicate a growing crisis and vulnerability to winter smog. This demands early and stronger multi-sector action at a regional scale to meet the clean air targets,” said executive director, research and advocacy, CSE, Anumita Roychowdhury. “Gaps in air quality data and lack of quality control of data makes it difficult to construct reliable air quality trends and do proper risk assessment,” said Avikal Somvanshi, programme manager, Urban Lab, CSE. “The worsening of air quality in the region has not drawn adequate public attention. In winter, air quality of cities such as Singrauli, Gwalior, Jabalpur and Katni could get nearly three times worse than their annual average levels.” The CSE analysis of air quality status in cities of Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh is an assessment of annual and seasonal trends in PM2.5 concentration for the period January 1, 2019 to December 12, 2021. This analysis is based on real time data available from the current working air quality monitoring stations in central India. The analysis covers 18 continuous ambient air quality monitoring stations (CAAQMS) spread across 17 cities in the two states — two stations in Gwalior and one station each at Bhopal, Damoh, Dewas, Indore, Jabalpur, Katni, Maihar, Mandideep, Pithampur, Ratlam, Sagar, Satna, Singrauli, Ujjain, Bhilai and Bilaspur. Air quality monitoring is still very limited in the central region. Cities in MP have data available for over two years; but real time monitors in Chhattisgarh became operational only in the latter half of 2021, which limits the possibility of assessing long term trends. Therefore, the data is indicative of the current status of air quality and seasonal variations in particulate pollution in medium and smaller cities in the region, the CSE release said.
The Centre for Science and Environment (CSE), a Delhi-based think tank, has warned about the increasing air pollution in several cities of India’s northeast region in its new analysis on air quality. This especially includes Guwahati, which tops the list of the most polluted cities of the region.<br> The report ‘Winter Air pollution in the states of North East’, published earlier this month, stated that the problem of air pollution is growing steadily in the states of India’s northeast, busting the myth of pristine blue skies in this ecologically sensitive region.</p> <p>“The air quality in the region is worsening. But this has not drawn adequate public attention. In winter, the air quality of cities like Guwahati can be almost as bad as what we see in the National Capital Region (NCR) and cities of Uttar Pradesh,” the CSE report stated.</p> <p>The CSE has analysed the urban air quality status of Assam and other NE states with the objective of understanding the magnitude and trend of winter pollution in major cities of the region that have started real-time air quality monitoring only recently. The report is based on an assessment of annual and seasonal trends in Particulate Matter (PM) 2.5 concentration from the period of January 1, 2019, to December 7, 2021.<br> <br> <strong>Guwahati Has The Most Polluted Air In NE India</strong></p> <p>Guwahati’s annual average of PM2.5 level has constantly been much higher for the past three years compared to the national average. While the annual average level of India has been 40 micrograms per cubic metre (ug/m3) for the past 3 years, the annual standard of PM2.5 level of Guwahati has been 56 ug/m3 in 2019, 62 ug/m3 in 2020 and 60 ug/m3 in 2021.</p> <p>“The city’s average is considerably below the annual standard,” CSE commented in its report.</p> <p><strong>High Pollution Episode Common During Winters Despite Low Annual Levels</strong></p> <p>Weekly PM2.5 levels increase during the winter months. Although the annual average of Guwahati is 60 ug/m3, it reached its worst in the week ending on January 17, 2021, when it was 189 ug/m3; the worst of winter 2020-21.<br> For the present winter season of 2021-22, the worst level was recorded in the week ending on November 7, when the weekly PM2.5 level reached 78 ug/m3.</p> <p><strong>Surge In NO2 level During Peak Traffic Hours And In Winter</strong></p> <p>The NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) concentration increases with the evening traffic rush in cities, peaking especially from 6 PM. The NO2 in Guwahati increases five-fold hourly between 1 PM and 6 PM. The city also has a morning NO2 peak from around 7-8 AM, but it is relatively lesser compared to the evening peak. The night-time NO2 is also high, indicating impact of night-time truck movement in the city.</p> <p>The CSE study found that there is a significant increase in the amount of NO2 in the NE region during November as compared to October and September 2021. In 2020, the NO2 level in Guwahati had increased with the incoming of winters with an 85 percent jump in monthly NO2 levels between September and November. However, the city’s NO2 data was found to be almost flat since May 2021. Comparing the data of the previous years and the other NE regions, CSE concluded that “there seems to be a problem with the monitors”.</p> <p><strong>Diwali, A Mega Pollution Event</strong></p> <p>Guwahati recorded the greatest pollution build-up on Diwali night, with a 3.6-fold increase in the night-time (8 pm-8 am) PM2.5 levels, compared to the average level recorded seven nights ahead of Diwali.</p> <p>“In absolute concentration terms, Guwahati dominates the list of most polluted Diwali nights with a 225 ug/m3 PM2.5 level, the AQI categorisation of ‘very poor’ level,” the report stated.</p> <p><strong>Guwahati needs to cut its pollution level by 33 percent</strong></p> <p>The CSE report concluded that Guwahati has had a stable annual average of PM2.5 level since the last three years, but it does not meet the annual standard for PM2.5. In order to meet the standard, the city needs to cut its pollution level by 33 per cent.<br> According to the analysis, the most polluted months for the city have been December and January. Analysis of days as per the categorisation of the national AQI shows that the city is experiencing an increasingly higher number of days with poor or worse air quality, most of which are from the winter months. The number of days with good air quality has remained the same in the last two years. </p> <p>In 2021, the number of days with air quality in the ‘very poor’ or ‘severe’ categories stand at 54 in Guwahati till December 7, 2021.</p> <p><strong>Guwahati Urgently Needs Robust Air Quality Monitoring And Cut On Pollution</strong></p> <p>The Executive Director for research and advocacy at the CSE, Anumita Roychowdhury stated in the report, “Weak and inadequate air quality monitoring and paucity of data do not allow proper assessment of the risk. But even the limited evidence shows several cities – especially the state capitals -- are already vulnerable to poor air quality and winter smog.”</p> <p>Guwahati only meets the minimum 75 percent data availability requirement. In contrast, the air quality monitoring stations in Delhi-NCR have over 95 per cent data availability.</p> <p>She further added that cities of the NE states need urgent attention and support under the National Clean Air Programme to implement locally appropriate clean air action and a robust air quality monitoring network for proper risk assessment.“This is urgently needed to cut pollution from growing motorisation and congestion, use of solid fuels and open burning, and dispersed industrial sources at the early stages to prevent worsening of the public health crisis in this ecologically vulnerable region,” Roychowdhury stated in the report.</p> <p><strong>Pollution Control Board Of Assam Do Not Have Enough Machines To Measure PM2.5 Level Of AQI</strong></p> <p>G Plus spoke to officials of the Pollution Control Board of Assam (PCBA) with regards to the report of the Centre for Science and Environment.<br> Officials of PCBA refuted the report and said that the air of Guwahati along with the rest of Assam receives more dust from the river banks and roads during the winter season. “We cannot consider the high PM2.5 level as pollution in Guwahati since it is only the dust due to the wind and river, and not pollution from vehicular or industrial emission,” a PCBA official said.</p> <p>When questioned about the insufficient data availability as claimed by the CSE, a senior official of PCBA informed that the State does not have enough machines to check the PM2.5 levels. As such, the State Pollution Control Board mainly records only the PM10 level of Air Quality Index (AQI).</p> <p>“We have just about 3 machines among the 6 stations in Guwahati to measure the PM2.5 level or the real-time monitoring. We have recently received about 14 machines and are getting some more. We will install them in all the 23 operating stations of the National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP) soon,” he said.</p> <p>Speaking about the non-functionality of NO2 monitors as mentioned by CSE, he said that the NO2 curve has been flat from May because there is no such vicious pollutant in the air of Guwahati or Assam. “We receive only the particulate matter, i.e, dust. The presence of other vicious gases is very less as there are not many industries in Assam. Our AQI can be said to be ‘moderate’ and hence, it is not pollution.”</p>
NUH: Smoke from hundreds of stone-loaded trucks that enter the district every day to reach its 52 stone crushers and the toxic emissions from nearly 150 industries leave a curtain of smog hanging over Nuh, one of Haryana’s 14 districts in the National Capital Region (NCR) located about 103.2 km from the national capital. This curtain has been growing thicker over the last few years, especially during winter, like most NCR districts. According to the Central Pollution Control Board data, the district recorded an average air quality index (AQI) of 201 (on a scale up to 500) in November last year, almost as ‘poor’ as 200 recorded in 2020, while the overall December AQI last year was 115, which is in the ‘moderate’ category. Despite being a rural district with a lot of open spaces, more and more people are complaining of respiratory disorders and eye infections each year, Kashim, a resident of the Quershi market area, told TOI. "This is mainly because of the increasing movement of trucks in the area. These drivers do not cover the heavy vehicles loaded with stones, etc, and are among the main sources of dust pollution," he said. Congratulations! You have successfully cast your vote For Rizwan, a resident of Biwan, pollution caused by the scores of infrastructure projects underway near Bypass, Jhirka Chowk, Kashim Alawalpur, and Biwan, acts as a slow poison. "But it is the dust from the under-construction Delhi-Mumbai Expressway that is choking residents of nearby areas. Every tree in the area is now covered by a thick coat of dust. We hardly see a day with clear blue sky during October and November," he said. Musa, a resident of Naushera village, meanwhile, blamed big infra projects for not following dust mitigation norms and the local authorities for doing little to help. "Water is not being sprinkled on the under-construction Delhi-Mumbai Expressway, and the construction material is mostly left uncovered — if we are not going to get any benefit out of it then why should we be made to suffer?" he asks. TOI found that the district does not have a proper waste management system and residents mostly dump waste on roads near their houses, which poses a major health hazard. "There is no dumping ground here. People are used to throwing waste on the roads that are infrequently cleaned by the authorities concerned," Rewasan-resident Atif said. ‘Need to increase green cover’ According to Shubhansh Tiwari, a research associate at Amity Centre for Air Pollution Control, air pollution in Nuh was a little complex. "Firstly, the district is surrounded by many micro- and medium-scale industries mostly making auto parts, engineering components and chemicals. Secondly, major highways, like the NH 48, passes through the district. These, and local sources, like traffic congestion and waste burning, are major reasons for the air pollution in Nuh. Long-range transportation of pollutants — due to stubble burning in Punjab and dust storms in Thar desert — is also a major contributor," he said. Experts, meanwhile, have highlighted the immediate need to increase green cover in the district. "What we need is to plant more trees to increase the green cover which can act as a protective barrier to keep the oxygen balance in the region. Air quality can improve if we aim to increase the source of dust absorption green patches," Anumita Roychowdhury, the executive director of research and advocacy at the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) told TOI. Mitigation plan Recently, the Haryana State Pollution Control Board (HSPCB) shut down 26 stone crushers for non-compliance with air pollution control measures (APCMs). It has also readied an action plan to mitigate air pollution which includes sprinkling water on dust patches, mechanical sweeping of roads, and initiating work to repair roads and drains. The pollution board has been also tasked to ensure that all construction sites should cover building materials and install anti-smog guns, and deploy teams to check pollution certificates of vehicles plying on roads. "Regular inspections of industries and construction sites are being carried out by our teams. Inspections are being carried out from time to time and challans issued for garbage dumping and burning," Vijay Chaudhary, HSPCB regional officer, said, adding that the municipal committee has also identified a dumping site.
If it could convey in words, Planet Earth would have told the polluting world to “cop it” when it comes to the scores of industrial and other activities that are spoiling the atmosphere and making a once-pristine world unlivable. But speak it has in CY2020 and how — floods across Asia, typhoons, earthquakes, forest fires across continents starting from Australia to Amazon and California. This was, no doubt, the focus of world leaders at the UN climate change conference (COP26)in Glasgow, UK last month. Commonplace lexicon now includes environment, climate action, global warming and sustainability. It’s common knowledge that the world’s mean temperature is rising and we need to act fast in cutting it down and ensure a greener future for our children. The transportation sector plays a key role in this, accounting for close to 25 percent of the world’s carbon emissions. In the race to net zero, environment-friendly transportation solution is coming across as a necessity today. However, sustainability comes at a cost and for a developing nation like India the balance between a greener tomorrow and a cleaner means of mobility leading us there is neither the easiest of the problems nor the solution. Perhaps, that’s the reason that India’s stance at COP26 to scale up existing climate targets attracted widespread debate. Is net zero by 2070 ambitious? So what exactly did India commit to at the COP26? The most significant takeaway has been the commitment to achieve zero carbon emissions by 2070. That apart, the country’s five-point strategy for a greener tomorrow includes a commitment to: - Take its non-fossil energy capacity to 500 gigawatts by 2030. - Meet 50 percent of its energy requirement from renewable energy by 2030. - Bring its economy’s carbon intensity down to 45 percent by 2030. - Reduce 1 billion tonne of carbon emissions from the total projected emissions by 2030. What’s particularly interesting is the series of steps and targets that India plans to meet by 2030 to make ‘net zero by 2070’ a reality. In many quarters globally, India’s targets have been termed as ‘ambitious but ambiguous’ in terms of the plan in achieving it. Anumita Roychowdhury, Executive Director — Research and Advocacy, Centre for Science & Environment (CSE). says what was really unexpected is “the five-point commitment which includes net zero by 2070.” She explains net zero by 2070, seen in isolation, is like long-term vision but before that, “India has actually given other clear commitments for 2030.” Vibha Dhawan, Director General of The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), too agrees with this assessment and calls the “five-point action plan a huge step.” According to her, “India has announced concrete targets and taken a pragmatic approach for short-term, till 2030, and carbon neutrality in the long-term, by 2070. All this should be looked through the prism of development, climate justice and meeting the aspirations of one-and-a-half billion people.” But that in no way suggests that it will be a cakewalk for India to achieve these well-outlined targets over the next nine years. Challenges for India The transportation sector in India is no doubt a key contributor to the rising pollution and emission levels in the country. From the decarbonisation perspective, it is one sector which has been considered rather obstinate globally. Typically, from the Indian perspective, explosive motorisation in urban India and the sprawling nature of ever-growing metro cities is seen as one of the primary road blocks. According to TERI analysis, passenger demand (in passenger kilometres) has jumped eight times and freight demand (in tonne kilometres) has risen six times since 1992. This has resulted in five times increase in CO2 emissions, accounting for about 300 million tonnes in 2018. In the business-as-usual scenario, the emissions are expected to increase significantly leading to huge negative impact on energy security, ambient air quality and climate change. As per the International Energy Agency (IEA), about 20 percent of the CO2 emissions from road transport comes from passenger cars and an equivalent from two- and three-wheelers. A little over 10 percent of emissions is from buses. And the rest — nearly half of CO2 emissions from the road transport sector — is attributed to the freight segment. IEA’s Indian Energy Outlook 2021 ranks India as the world’s third-largest energy consuming country. The report states that energy use has doubled since 2000, with 80 percent of demand still being met by coal, oil and solid biomass. In fact, the TERI study also brings to light that the transport sector accounts for the largest share in terms of consumption of petroleum products in India — nearly 70 percent of diesel and 100 percent gasoline (petrol). The use of oil by Indian transport sector has risen by 91 percent in the last decade, and about 90 percent of the total energy demand comes from the road transport sector, followed by rail and air. “With this background, the government’s aim should be to reduce dependency on imported fuel. This could be achieved through different sustainable mobility pathways. These include increased focus on shift to efficient modes of transport — from road to rail, and from private vehicles to public transport, introduction of emission efficient fuel and vehicle technologies, and the adoption of alternate low / zero-carbon fuel options like battery-electric, hybrid, bio-fuel, ether-based fuel additives,” adds Dhawan. Roychowdhury further points out that India has for the first time given an absolute target of reducing 1 billion tonnes of carbon emissions from the total projected emissions by 2030 — “Now, this actually means, if we take the total projected emissions, India will have to reduce it by 22 percent in the actual absolute emissions in 2030. This will have to be achieved from different sectors.” She emphasises that therefore, “we now have to work very hard, and ensure that we have these pathways defined very clearly, with targets, with resources to make it a reality.” Mitigation and adaptation India, no doubt, needs a constructive plan to make this transition and eventual decarbonisation a reality. Given the fact that this will entail decarbonisation across sectors and the overall economy, a strong governance framework to execute the massive scale of the program is important. Roychowdhury points out that, “India is also victim to the climate and extreme weather events. As a result, both mitigation and adaptation will have to be planned for.” Dhawan too feels that “we should develop a National Plan for Mitigation and Adaptation. We need to bridge the research gaps by investing in science- based tools and building data sets. Further, the role of private sector should be augmented in adaptation and resilience building.” Of course, there is a lot of conversation around the topic but the concern is how do we ensure all that is discussed actually happens? Will legislation bring about that transition or a proper evaluation system needs to be in place? Roychowdhury says, “We need accountability in the system. We need target setting. And we need strategy and measurable indicators to manage this transition.” Dhawan emphasises on the need for a joint effort by all the stakeholders concerned with regard to solutions for sustainable mobility involving clean carbon-free solutions. She says, “The roles and responsibilities of legislature, non-governmental organisations and business participants go hand in hand. The balance between these factors is critical in achieving the climate change goals from India’s perspective.” Reiterating the need for some urgent decision, Roychowdhury warns that “if India remains business as usual, by 2040 the share of personal transport usage will take over public transport, and that could be a disaster.” She is worried that inaction or delayed policy action may lead to a situation where the problem will grow but our relative ability to address the issue may weaken further. Affordability and electrification That said, let us not forget that the Indian market is an essentially cost-sensitive market. When the various stakeholders need to come together for a common goal, the affordability aspect plays a crucial factor too. Most industry observers and emission experts believe that one simple way is to encourage more public transport alternatives and limit the yearly addition of personal vehicles. It serves three purposes — cuts emission per trip, reduces costs and at the same time resolves congestion. The last Census shows, those using walking and cycling as main transport modes account for 63 percent of the transport sector. “However, when the transport sector investment is made, almost 50 percent is planned around cars,” points out Roychowdhury, highlighting the glaring contrasts and challenges in this regard. As a result, “public transport is also becoming more economically unviable.” Dhawan too puts in a word of caution and says that adequate and efficient public transport services are important “to reduce the risk of sheer volume of vehicles overpowering the benefits achieved by introducing BS VI and CAFE-II standards.” Affordable and sustainable mobility is no longer an option for India as per Roychowdhury and adds that “we need a fiscal strategy to keep public transport service affordable.” According to her, India also needs to address the issue of hidden subsidies. For example, buses (a more sustainable mobility option) pay more taxes than cars, which are more polluting any day. “Cross-subsidising the sustainable transport options is important,” she points out. Roychowdhury highlights the extent of the problem and the challenge in terms of the investment that’s required: “If India really has to fully transform its transportation infrastructure, it needs to invest nearly 8 percent of its GDP in transport infrastructure.” Increasingly, electrification comes across as a viable alternative to get to the eventual emission reduction goal. Roychowdhury believes, “India certainly requires ambitious electrification target. Data indicates if you combine FAME and incentives given by state governments is addressing the TCO to a large extent.” According to CSE studies, the combination of FAME and state subsidies can actually help lowering price of electric two-wheelers by almost 25 percent. Charting the future strategy Therefore, what can help expediate India’s race to net zero? Roychowdhury points out that a complete package of commitment and goals is necessary — “l Target should define the boundary of investment for infrastructure development for public transport. - Need to build compact cities -Need to restrain personal vehicle usage by giving the right price signals - High ambition for electrification is also crucial.” Dr Dhawan’s list of priority for deep decarbonisation includes— “l Focus on non-motorised transport, especially pedestrian infrastructure - Magnify the reach and focus of EV policies - Innovation in low-carbon technologies for heavy-duty long-distance segments - Improve public transport services - Enable a modal shift to railways and improve efficiency of logistics sector.” The emission challenge is ultimately a zero sumgame. A resilient framework coupled with far-reaching policies and electrification of road transport is being seen as the fastest channels to make net zero a reality.
Proposal approved by departments, awaiting Minister’s nod Cab aggregators, food and other doorstep delivery services in the city would soon have to switch their entire fleet to electric vehicles as a proposal in this regard has been approved by the departments concerned, an official source told The Hindu. Another proposal to make Pollution Under Control (PUC) certificates mandatory to buy petrol and diesel at filling stations for all vehicles has been approved by the departments. Both proposals are now with Environment Minister Gopal Rai and are expected to be cleared soon, the source said. “The shift will be in a phased manner and they (aggregators, delivery services) will be given time till March 2023 to shift 50% of their fleet to electric vehicles. More time will be given for 100% transition,” the source said. Vehicular emission is one of the main causes of air pollution in the city and the measures are aimed at controlling it. “When we had done an audit of the number of people getting PUCs a few years ago and found that the level of compliance was low. This is a welcome move but the government has to ensure proper enforcement of the proposed rule,” said Anumita Roychowdhury, Executive Director of Centre for Science and Environment, a research and advocacy NGO. It is also important to ensure that PUC tests are done properly and the centres are audited periodically for credible testing, she said. Transition part of policy Transition to electric vehicles is part of the Delhi Electric Vehicles Policy, 2020, which aims to increase the share of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) to 25% of all the new vehicles registered in the city by 2024. “It is expected that the incentives provided by the policy shall encourage delivery service providers to switch to electric two-wheelers... All delivery service providers shall be expected to convert 50% of their fleet operating to EVs by March 31, 2023 and 100% by March 31, 2025,” the policy reads.
Air pollution, climate adaptation and health infrastructure to deal with the impact of climate change are some of the key areas to focus on in 2022, say experts Curbing air pollution, strengthening adaptation measures such as state and city action plans, and prioritising health by building resilient health infrastructure to mitigate the impact of climate change should be the areas of prime concern in 2022, according to experts. Governments must ensure that the ban on single-use plastics is implemented in 2022 and cities must operationalise plans to limit air pollution, one of the leading causes for premature deaths and disabilities, experts added. Here is a list of priority areas India must focus on in environmental policies and action: New standards, action plans for air pollution Air pollution ranks the second highest (after malnutrition) among the risk factors of diseases in India, accounting for 10% of the disease burden. Air pollution is also estimated to reduce the average life expectancy of a child born in India by at least 1.5 years; in 2019, it killed 116,000 Indian infants, we reported in October 2020. Pollution from vehicles and emissions from factories and coal-fired power stations contribute to air pollution across India, all-year round. In 2009, the CPCB notified the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) which mention eight prime pollutants: particulate matter (PM 2.5 and PM 10), nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, benzene and ammonia. India is likely to establish fresh standards which would factor in more particulate matter finer than PM 2.5. The revisions to NAAQS will serve to define the discussion around air pollution for the next decade in India, as per a December 2021 report by the Centre for Policy Research, a Delhi-based think tank. Making the standards more ambitious will be based on our understanding of risk associated with exposure and how that has evolved over time, states the report. So far, there are 95 cities across 23 states and Union territories which are categorised as non-attainment cities, which do not comply with the NAAQS standards. City-specific action plans are to be formulated for the non-attainment cities through which the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) is operationalised. The NCAP, launched by the environment ministry in January 2019, set a national-level target of 20% to 30% reduction of PM 2.5 and PM 10 concentration levels by 2024, with 2017 as base for concentration levels. "The NCAP did not really take off because of the pandemic and shutdown," Sunil Dahiya, analyst at the non-profit Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA), told IndiaSpend. "As we retreat from the pandemic, it is important to strengthen the NCAP and prioritise emissions reduction from coal-power plants." Emissions from coal power plants are one of the major causes of air pollution; expanding coal power will lead to 60% more premature deaths in metro cities in India, according to a report by C40 cities, a global network of people from 97 cities. Fifty-five per cent of India's coal-generated electricity is within 500 km of five megacities--Delhi, Chennai, Mumbai, Bengaluru and Kolkata--which will put urban residents' health at risk, especially the young, elderly and pregnant women, stated the report. "There will be continuing pressure to phase down coal, although India hasn't set any clear plans to control coal's impact on deteriorating air quality," said Shripad Dharmadhikary, analyst at the research organisation Manthan Adhyayan Kendra. "The health aspect of air pollution is something which needs to be integrated in environment policies," said Shweta Narayan, an environmental justice activist and campaigner for climate and health with Health Care Without Harm in India. "The environment impact assessment for thermal power plants fails to look at public health and there is a growing momentum building around the need to undertake health impact assessment for polluting plants." Prioritising resilient health infrastructure Climate change and the resultant rising temperatures and altered rainfall patterns are creating ideal conditions for transmission of infectious diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, zika, malaria; it may also lead to more deaths, crop failures, mental health problems, pregnancy-related complications and heat- and humidity-related morbidity, we had reported earlier in October 2021. "In terms of building the resilience of the health system, we are not there," said Narayan, adding, "There is periodic intervention during floods or cyclones, but building an infrastructure that can stand regular events of extreme weather is desperately needed." In 2015, India came up with the National Health Mission which includes the National Action Plan for Climate Change and Human Health with the aim to strengthen health preparedness and response at the central, state and district levels by building early warning systems and health surveillance to prevent and mitigate extreme heat. States are putting together their action plans for climate change and human health that are due in December 2021. It will be important to see the budgetary allocations to the state to implement these plans and how they are prioritised in 2022," said Narayan. Making the plastic ban effective The country produces over 25,940 tons of plastic waste every day, according to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). In August 2021, the environment ministry introduced Plastic Waste Management Amendment Rules to ban single-use plastic that will be implemented in 2022. The rules mandate that the manufacture, sale and use of some single-use goods made with plastic, polystyrene, and expanded polystyrene such as earbuds, plates, cups, glasses, cutlery, wrapping and packing films are prohibited from July 1 2022, while others such as carry bags must be at least 75 microns thick from September 30, 2021, and 120 microns from December 31, 2022, compared to 50 microns at present. In 2019-20, India generated about 3,4 million tonnes of annual plastic waste. While this will be a first countrywide phase out, states in India have already adopted plastic-ban resolutions. For instance, in 1998, the Sikkim government passed the country's first plastic-bag ban. In the last decade, 22 states and Union territories have imposed complete or partial bans on plastic carry bags. Earlier in 2011, the Union ministry had notified the Plastic Waste (Management and Handling Rules) 2011 that proposed a ban on the use of plastic materials in sachets to store, pack or sell gutkha, tobacco and pan masala. However, the CPCB's annual report 2012-13 noted that the rules are not being "intensely implemented" by states and union territories and plastic bags are being used indiscriminately. In a National Green Tribunal case (O.A. 85/2020), the petitioner moved the tribunal against Tamil Nadu's Pollution Control Board stating that the manufacture of plastic woven and non-woven carry bags was continuing and perpetuating a wrong impression in the minds of the public that these plastic carry bags were the only alternatives to thin film plastic carry bags. The bench in a November 2021 sitting reportedly said that merely issuing notice bans is not sufficient if the government fails to monitor and take effective steps to penalise offenders who flout the plastic-ban norms. Implementing state and city climate plans The United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in its periodic reports, has shown how climate change is impacting the world. For instance, monsoons in India have become uncertain; especially in the important kharif-sowing months of July and August, and this has impacted the paddy harvest in several states of India, IndiaSpend had reported in October 2021. Cyclones like Tauktae and Gulab, which bookended the summer monsoon in 2021, have increased and are set to increase further, IndiaSpend had reported in May 2021. There is a consensus to limit warming to 1.5°C by 2099 to avoid the worst predictions, but at the same time the need to adapt to climate change has become more significant and urgent. Climate change adaptation includes building critical infrastructure to deal with extreme climate events such as cyclonic storms, droughts and floods. India has a dedicated National Adaptation Fund on Climate Change (NAFCC), launched in 2015. It is a federal grant that was introduced to fulfil the objectives of the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) and support state governments in operationalising the State Action Plans on Climate Change (SAPCC) and implementing adaptation projects. The national and state action plans are a framework of action for responding to the effects of climate change and came into force in 2008 and 2009, respectively. Thirty-two states in India have since initiated the process of drafting SAPCC. While there has been a sizable effort at mapping regional climate vulnerability and policy-making on such a grand scale, there has been little implementation of these plans, experts say. Mumbai is the only city in India to have a climate action plan. Delhi is planning to submit its state action plan next month that will focus on actionable items to be implemented in the next 10 years, according to a news report. A conceptual monitoring and evaluation framework has been proposed by the states in their respective SAPCCs, but, in practice, monitoring and evaluation of activities mentioned under SAPCCs have been almost non-existent, according to a 2018 report by Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) on the efficacy of state climate action plans. "The scope of state action plans is largely restricted to state jurisdiction and there needs to be clear vision on further decentralisation at district and city levels," said Vineet Kumar, deputy programme manager at CSE. It is very important to prioritise comprehensive assessment of the state action plans and how effective they are against extreme weather events, he added.
NEW DELHI: This December was more polluted than last year with an average Air Quality Index (AQI) of 336 compared with 332 in December 2020, Central Pollution Control Board data shows. The average AQI in December 2019 was 337. However, as the AQI trend in December over the past few years suggests minor variations, experts say efforts should be intensified to have more cleaner days in winter. Track the pollution level in your city Anumita Roychowdhury, executive director, research and advocacy, Centre for Science and Environment, said, “Clearly, the AQI trend in December over the last three years has stabilised with some variation. But there should have been a substantial reduction in pollution with more cleaner days in winter. This is possible only if action round the year succeeds in cutting down the overall emissions from all key sources.” Dipankar Saha, former head of CPCB’s air laboratory, who analysed the data, said, “The average AQI in December has been in the range of 314-364 over the past six years. The air quality mostly recorded poor to severe days in December from 2015 to 2021. Over the past three years, there has been no improvement in air quality in December.” “December usually witnesses low sunshine, shorter days and low mixing height, so the air quality is generally poor. However, due to a low ventilation rate because of low wind speed, the air quality further aggravates in December,” added Saha. This December recorded seven “severe” air quality days against four in 2020. There were six consecutive “severe” air quality days, which was the worst prolonged spell in December since 2015. Experts said adverse weather conditions along with local and NCR pollution led to this long spell. However, there were more “severe” days in December 2018 and 2019 with eight days each. A Met official said, “Light to calm winds were recorded this month, which impacted the dispersion of pollutants. Besides, one cold day and four cold wave days were reported. Low temperatures slow down the dispersal of pollutants.” The highest AQI was recorded at 459 and the lowest was 237 in December 2021. Unlike December 2017 to 2020, there were no “moderate” air quality days.
Air pollution, climate adaptation and health infrastructure to deal with the impact of climate change are some of the key areas to focus on in 2022, say experts. Mumbai: Curbing air pollution, strengthening adaptation measures such as state and city action plans, and prioritising health by building resilient health infrastructure to mitigate the impact of climate change should be the areas of prime concern in 2022, according to experts. Governments must ensure that the ban on single-use plastics is implemented in 2022 and cities must operationalise plans to limit air pollution, one of the leading causes for premature deaths and disabilities, experts added. Newsletter Subscribe to our newsletter so you don't miss updates on important policy issues, data-led discussions and analysis Here is a list of priority areas India must focus on in environmental policies and action: New standards, action plans for air pollution Air pollution ranks the second highest (after malnutrition) among the risk factors of diseases in India, accounting for 10% of the disease burden. Air pollution is also estimated to reduce the average life expectancy of a child born in India by at least 1.5 years; in 2019, it killed 116,000 Indian infants, we reported in October 2020. Pollution from vehicles and emissions from factories and coal-fired power stations contribute to air pollution across India, all-year round. In 2009, the CPCB notified the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) which mention eight prime pollutants: particulate matter (PM 2.5 and PM 10), nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone, benzene and ammonia. India is likely to establish fresh standards which would factor in more particulate matter finer than PM 2.5. The revisions to NAAQS will serve to define the discussion around air pollution for the next decade in India, as per a December 2021 report by the Centre for Policy Research, a Delhi-based think tank. Making the standards more ambitious will be based on our understanding of risk associated with exposure and how that has evolved over time, states the report. So far, there are 95 cities across 23 states and Union territories which are categorised as non-attainment cities, which do not comply with the NAAQS standards. City-specific action plans are to be formulated for the non-attainment cities through which the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) is operationalised. The NCAP, launched by the environment ministry in January 2019, set a national-level target of 20% to 30% reduction of PM 2.5 and PM 10 concentration levels by 2024, with 2017 as base for concentration levels. "The NCAP did not really take off because of the pandemic and shutdown," Sunil Dahiya, analyst at the non-profit Centre for Research on Energy and Clean Air (CREA), told IndiaSpend. "As we retreat from the pandemic, it is important to strengthen the NCAP and prioritise emissions reduction from coal-power plants." Emissions from coal power plants are one of the major causes of air pollution; expanding coal power will lead to 60% more premature deaths in metro cities in India, according to a report by C40 cities, a global network of people from 97 cities. Fifty-five per cent of India's coal-generated electricity is within 500 km of five megacities--Delhi, Chennai, Mumbai, Bengaluru and Kolkata--which will put urban residents' health at risk, especially the young, elderly and pregnant women, stated the report. "There will be continuing pressure to phase down coal, although India hasn't set any clear plans to control coal's impact on deteriorating air quality," said Shripad Dharmadhikary, analyst at the research organisation Manthan Adhyayan Kendra. "The health aspect of air pollution is something which needs to be integrated in environment policies," said Shweta Narayan, an environmental justice activist and campaigner for climate and health with Health Care Without Harm in India. "The environment impact assessment for thermal power plants fails to look at public health and there is a growing momentum building around the need to undertake health impact assessment for polluting plants." Prioritising resilient health infrastructure Climate change and the resultant rising temperatures and altered rainfall patterns are creating ideal conditions for transmission of infectious diseases such as dengue, chikungunya, zika, malaria; it may also lead to more deaths, crop failures, mental health problems, pregnancy-related complications and heat- and humidity-related morbidity, we had reported earlier in October 2021. "In terms of building the resilience of the health system, we are not there," said Narayan, adding, "There is periodic intervention during floods or cyclones, but building an infrastructure that can stand regular events of extreme weather is desperately needed." In 2015, India came up with the National Health Mission which includes the National Action Plan for Climate Change and Human Health with the aim to strengthen health preparedness and response at the central, state and district levels by building early warning systems and health surveillance to prevent and mitigate extreme heat. States are putting together their action plans for climate change and human health that are due in December 2021. It will be important to see the budgetary allocations to the state to implement these plans and how they are prioritised in 2022," said Narayan. Making the plastic ban effective The country produces over 25,940 tons of plastic waste every day, according to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). In August 2021, the environment ministry introduced Plastic Waste Management Amendment Rules to ban single-use plastic that will be implemented in 2022. The rules mandate that the manufacture, sale and use of some single-use goods made with plastic, polystyrene, and expanded polystyrene such as earbuds, plates, cups, glasses, cutlery, wrapping and packing films are prohibited from July 1 2022, while others such as carry bags must be at least 75 microns thick from September 30, 2021, and 120 microns from December 31, 2022, compared to 50 microns at present. In 2019-20, India generated about 3,4 million tonnes of annual plastic waste. While this will be a first countrywide phase out, states in India have already adopted plastic-ban resolutions. For instance, in 1998, the Sikkim government passed the country's first plastic-bag ban. In the last decade, 22 states and Union territories have imposed complete or partial bans on plastic carry bags. Earlier in 2011, the Union ministry had notified the Plastic Waste (Management and Handling Rules) 2011 that proposed a ban on the use of plastic materials in sachets to store, pack or sell gutkha, tobacco and pan masala. However, the CPCB's annual report 2012-13 noted that the rules are not being "intensely implemented" by states and union territories and plastic bags are being used indiscriminately. In a National Green Tribunal case (O.A. 85/2020), the petitioner moved the tribunal against Tamil Nadu's Pollution Control Board stating that the manufacture of plastic woven and non-woven carry bags was continuing and perpetuating a wrong impression in the minds of the public that these plastic carry bags were the only alternatives to thin film plastic carry bags. The bench in a November 2021 sitting reportedly said that merely issuing notice bans is not sufficient if the government fails to monitor and take effective steps to penalise offenders who flout the plastic-ban norms. Implementing state and city climate plans The United Nations' Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in its periodic reports, has shown how climate change is impacting the world. For instance, monsoons in India have become uncertain; especially in the important kharif-sowing months of July and August, and this has impacted the paddy harvest in several states of India, IndiaSpend had reported in October 2021. Cyclones like Tauktae and Gulab, which bookended the summer monsoon in 2021, have increased and are set to increase further, IndiaSpend had reported in May 2021. There is a consensus to limit warming to 1.5°C by 2099 to avoid the worst predictions, but at the same time the need to adapt to climate change has become more significant and urgent. Climate change adaptation includes building critical infrastructure to deal with extreme climate events such as cyclonic storms, droughts and floods. India has a dedicated National Adaptation Fund on Climate Change (NAFCC), launched in 2015. It is a federal grant that was introduced to fulfil the objectives of the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) and support state governments in operationalising the State Action Plans on Climate Change (SAPCC) and implementing adaptation projects. The national and state action plans are a framework of action for responding to the effects of climate change and came into force in 2008 and 2009, respectively. Thirty-two states in India have since initiated the process of drafting SAPCC. While there has been a sizable effort at mapping regional climate vulnerability and policy-making on such a grand scale, there has been little implementation of these plans, experts say. Mumbai is the only city in India to have a climate action plan. Delhi is planning to submit its state action plan next month that will focus on actionable items to be implemented in the next 10 years, according to a news report. A conceptual monitoring and evaluation framework has been proposed by the states in their respective SAPCCs, but, in practice, monitoring and evaluation of activities mentioned under SAPCCs have been almost non-existent, according to a 2018 report by Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) on the efficacy of state climate action plans. "The scope of state action plans is largely restricted to state jurisdiction and there needs to be clear vision on further decentralisation at district and city levels," said Vineet Kumar, deputy programme manager at CSE. It is very important to prioritise comprehensive assessment of the state action plans and how effective they are against extreme weather events, he added.