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नई दिल्ली में फैली जहरीली धुंध

केंद्रीय प्रदूषण नियंत्रण बोर्ड ने 2016 में वायु गुणवत्ता सूचकांक, या AQI के साथ, पंजाब और हरियाणा में पराली जलाने में तेज वृद्धि के कारण 462 तक बढ़ कर, दिल्ली में दिवाली की वायु गुणवत्ता के बाद से सबसे खराब दिन दर्ज किया। और राष्ट्रीय राजधानी में आतिशबाजी पर प्रतिबंध का घोर उल्लंघन। कम तापमान और गैर-मौजूद हवाओं ने मदद नहीं की। दिल्ली पुलिस नियंत्रण कक्ष के आंकड़ों से पता चला है कि 4 नवंबर की मध्यरात्रि तक, शहर भर से कम से कम 1,100 लोगों द्वारा पटाखों का उपयोग करने की शिकायतें दर्ज की गईं – औसतन 47 घंटे। सीपीसीबी के अनुसार, 2016 में, जब उसने एक्यूआई पर नज़र रखना शुरू किया, दीवाली के अगले दिन 445 की रीडिंग देखी गई। यही वह वर्ष भी था जब दिल्ली ने अपने सबसे खराब प्रदूषण काल ​​में से एक देखा, 6 नवंबर को अपना सबसे प्रदूषित दिन दर्ज किया, जब एक्यूआई बढ़कर 497 हो गया। गुरुवार (दिवाली के दिन), दिल्ली में समग्र एक्यूआई 382 था, जो “बहुत खराब” क्षेत्र में था। सीपीसीबी के आंकड़ों से पता चलता है कि 24 घंटे का औसत एक्यूआई रात 9 बजे “गंभीर” क्षेत्र में प्रवेश कर गया, धीरे-धीरे हर घंटे बढ़ रहा था क्योंकि राजधानी में धुंध छा गई थी। यह रात 9 बजे 404, आधी रात तक 422, 2 बजे तक 428, सुबह 6 बजे तक 444, सुबह 7 बजे तक 446 और शुक्रवार को सुबह 8 बजे तक 451 थी। राष्ट्रीय राजधानी क्षेत्र (एनसीआर) के अन्य शहरों और कस्बों का प्रदर्शन बेहतर नहीं रहा, फरीदाबाद (एक्यूआई 469), गाजियाबाद (470), गुरुग्राम (472), ग्रेटर नोएडा (464) और नोएडा (475) – सभी गंभीर क्षेत्र में हैं। सीपीसीबी के 24 घंटे के औसत एक्यूआई के अनुसार शाम चार बजे। 51-100 के एक्यूआई को “संतोषजनक”, 101-200 को “मध्यम”, 201-300 को “खराब”, 301-400 को “बहुत खराब” और 401 से ऊपर “गंभीर” के रूप में वर्गीकृत किया गया है। नासा की सैटेलाइट इमेजरी ने गुरुवार को उत्तरी मैदानी इलाकों में 3,500 से अधिक खेत में आग की घटनाओं को रिकॉर्ड किया, जिसमें उत्तर-पश्चिमी हवाएं प्रदूषकों को राष्ट्रीय राजधानी क्षेत्र में ले जा रही थीं। केंद्रीय पृथ्वी विज्ञान मंत्रालय के सिस्टम ऑफ एयर क्वालिटी एंड वेदर फोरकास्टिंग एंड रिसर्च (SAFAR) के अनुसार, दिवाली के दिन पीएम2.5 (2.5 माइक्रोमीटर से कम व्यास वाले पार्टिकुलेट मैटर) का 25% और उस दिन 36% पराली जलाने का कारण था। उपरांत। इससे पहले, 29 अक्टूबर को दिल्ली की हवा में पराली जलाने से सबसे अधिक योगदान 20% था। दिलचस्प बात यह है कि सफर ने कहा कि आतिशबाजी से उत्सर्जन “लगभग समान परिमाण का” था। खेत में लगी आग जहां पटाखों का प्रदूषण में योगदान कम होगा, वहीं खेतों में लगी आग के बढ़ने की आशंका है। धान की कटाई 70% पूरी हो चुकी है, और पराली जलाने के मामले चरम पर हैं; पिछले पांच दिनों में इस साल पराली जलाने के कुल मामलों में से 55 फीसदी मामले सामने आए हैं। इस साल अब तक 23,465 खेतों में आग लगने की संख्या पिछले साल की इसी अवधि (4 नवंबर तक) में दर्ज किए गए 44,086 मामलों में से लगभग आधी है, लेकिन अधिकांश अधिकारियों को आने वाले सप्ताह में इसके बढ़ने की उम्मीद है। 4 नवंबर को, पंजाब में 3,032 कृषि आग की घटनाओं को उपग्रह द्वारा कैप्चर किया गया था। 2019 में, एक ही तारीख में 5,953 सक्रिय आग लगी थी, और 2020 में 4,908 – इस बात के संकेत थे कि संख्या कितनी अधिक हो सकती है। दिल्ली के पर्यावरण मंत्री गोपाल राय ने शुक्रवार को राजधानी की वायु गुणवत्ता में भारी गिरावट के लिए पंजाब और हरियाणा में बड़े पैमाने पर आतिशबाजी और खेतों में आग लगने को जिम्मेदार ठहराया। उन्होंने भारतीय जनता पार्टी पर दिवाली पर पटाखों पर प्रतिबंध का उल्लंघन करने के लिए लोगों को “जानबूझकर प्रोत्साहित” करने का भी आरोप लगाया। सरकारी आंकड़ों के अनुसार, इस अक्टूबर में, एनसीआर के निवासियों ने रिकॉर्ड पर सबसे स्वच्छ हवा का अनुभव किया। कारण: पंजाब और हरियाणा में बेमौसम अक्टूबर की बारिश और देरी से फसल (और इसलिए पराली जलाने में देरी) का मौसम। एचटी ने 27 अक्टूबर को सूचना दी कि दिल्ली एक हवाई आपात स्थिति की ओर बढ़ रही है, जिसमें दीवाली के आसपास पराली की आग चरम पर होने की उम्मीद है। “दिल्ली ने अक्टूबर में एक भी खराब वायु दिवस रिकॉर्ड नहीं किया। दिल्ली के आसपास के 3,500 खेत में आग का असर आज राष्ट्रीय राजधानी में दिखाई दे रहा था। शहर में पटाखा प्रतिबंध का जानबूझकर उल्लंघन भी किया गया था, जिसे भाजपा ने प्रोत्साहित किया था, ”राय ने कहा। इस बीच, दिल्ली भाजपा प्रमुख आदेश गुप्ता ने प्रदूषण पर अंकुश लगाने के लिए कोई ठोस कदम नहीं उठाने के लिए दिल्ली सरकार की खिंचाई की। राय के बयान का जिक्र करते हुए गुप्ता ने कहा, ‘केजरीवाल सरकार शहर में प्रदूषण पर लगाम लगाने में अपनी नाकामी को छिपाने की कोशिश कर रही है. पिछले छह वर्षों में, सरकार ने प्रदूषण पर अंकुश लगाने के लिए अंतिम मील कनेक्टिविटी में सुधार, बस बेड़े का विस्तार, बैटरी से चलने वाले वाहनों के उपयोग को प्रोत्साहित करने आदि जैसे कोई ठोस कदम नहीं उठाए हैं। वे सिर्फ अस्थायी व्यवस्था से इस मुद्दे से निपटना चाहते हैं। पटाखों पर प्रतिबंध कोई समाधान नहीं है, क्योंकि इससे लोगों की धार्मिक भावनाएं आहत होती हैं। सरकार ने अब परिणाम देखा है। उन्हें सीमित समय के लिए पटाखों के इस्तेमाल की अनुमति देनी चाहिए थी।” सफर ने बताया कि राष्ट्रीय राजधानी में पिछले 24 घंटों में पीएम 2.5 का स्तर, एक सामान्य वायु प्रदूषक और एक प्रमुख श्वसन स्वास्थ्य जोखिम, तीन वर्षों में सबसे अधिक था। PM2.5 ठीक, सांस लेने योग्य पार्टिकुलेट मैटर है। यह मानव बाल के एक कतरा से लगभग 30 गुना छोटा है। पीएम 2.5 प्रदूषक सैकड़ों रसायनों से बने होते हैं। निर्माण स्थल, कच्ची सड़कें, खेत, और धुएँ के ढेर या आग, बिजली संयंत्र, कारखाने और ऑटोमोबाइल इन प्रदूषकों को हवा में छोड़ते हैं। प्रदूषक श्वसन प्रणाली के माध्यम से रक्तप्रवाह में प्रवेश कर सकते हैं और अस्थमा, फेफड़ों के कैंसर और हृदय रोग का कारण बन सकते हैं। सफर के विश्लेषण में कहा गया है कि जहां पीएम2.5 का स्तर तीन वर्षों में सबसे अधिक था, वे 2018 की तुलना में अभी भी “काफी कम” थे। इसमें कहा गया है कि इस दिवाली स्तर बहुत तेजी से चरम पर है, फैलाव भी तेजी से होने की उम्मीद है। विश्लेषण में कहा गया है, “… सुबह से (शुक्रवार को) स्थानीय हवाएं तेज हो गई हैं और अब तेजी से छितरे जाने की उम्मीद है।” “किसी भी अधिक पटाखों के उत्सर्जन के बिना, AQI (वायु गुणवत्ता सूचकांक) आज रात (शुक्रवार) तक ‘बहुत खराब’ श्रेणी में सुधर जाएगा, हालांकि पराली का योगदान लगभग आज (शुक्रवार) के समान रहने की उम्मीद है …” विश्लेषण से पता चला है कि गुरुवार को सुबह 10 बजे से शुक्रवार को सुबह 10 बजे के बीच दिल्ली का पीएम 2.5 का स्तर 457ug/m3 पर पहुंच गया। यह 2020 में 298ug/m3 से अधिक था और 2019 में दिवाली के एक दिन बाद 377ug/m3 दर्ज किया गया था। 2018 में, PM 2.5 का स्तर 624ug/m3 तक पहुंच गया। सफर के विश्लेषण में कहा गया है कि राहत रविवार शाम से ही मिलने की उम्मीद है। सेंटर फॉर साइंस एंड एनवायरनमेंट (सीएसई) में कार्यकारी निदेशक, अनुसंधान और वकालत अनुमिता रॉय चौधरी का कहना है कि प्रतिकूल मौसम की स्थिति और उत्तर-पश्चिमी हवा के कारण एजेंसियों द्वारा इस तरह के एक एपिसोडिक स्मॉग घटना का पूर्वानुमान लगाया गया था, जो प्रभाव को बढ़ाने के लिए बाध्य है। पराली जलाने से। “खेत की आग की हिस्सेदारी बढ़ रही है और हवा की गति कम है जो प्रदूषकों के फैलाव की अनुमति नहीं दे रही है और पटाखों ने दिल्ली की हवा में अतिरिक्त उत्सर्जन जोड़ा है। यह सब फंस गया, जिससे इस सीजन की पहली ‘गंभीर’ प्रदूषण घटना हुई।” प्रदूषण के इन दो प्रमुख स्रोतों के अलावा, दिल्ली को हवा में उच्च नमी की मात्रा से भी जूझना पड़ा, जिसके परिणामस्वरूप गुरुवार की सुबह मौसम का पहला उथला कोहरा था, जिसमें सफदरजंग और पालम दोनों में दृश्यता 500 मीटर तक गिर गई थी। शुक्रवार को यह और भी गिरकर महज 200 मीटर रह गया। जबकि आईएमडी केवल दृश्यता के आधार पर कोहरे का वर्गीकरण करता है, हवा में प्रदूषकों और जहरीले रसायनों का उच्च योगदान कम दृश्यता का एक प्रमुख कारक होने की संभावना है, जिससे यह कोहरे की तुलना में अधिक स्मॉग बन जाता है। वर्ष के इस समय में आमतौर पर कोहरा दुर्लभ होता है, सर्दियों का पहला मध्यम से घना कोहरा आमतौर पर दिसंबर के अंत में देखा जाता है। आईएमडी के वैज्ञानिक आरके जेनामणि ने कहा, “दिल्ली एनसीआर में आज सुबह (5 नवंबर) कोहरे की स्थिति तेज हो गई है, इसके दो हवाई अड्डों – सफदरजंग और पालम में – सुबह 5.30 बजे तक 200 से 500 मीटर की दृश्यता के स्तर के साथ मध्यम कोहरे की सूचना मिली है। आईजीआई पालम हवाई अड्डे ने शहर की ओर 200 मीटर तक दृश्यता में गिरावट दर्ज की, ”जेनामणि ने कहा। दक्षिण-पूर्वी दिल्ली में ओखला-चरण 2 में दिवाली के दिन पीएम 2.5 एकाग्रता में सबसे बड़ी वृद्धि देखी गई, क्योंकि पीएम 2.5 एकाग्रता 1,984 माइक्रोग्राम प्रति क्यूबिक मीटर को छू गई – 60 माइक्रोग्राम प्रति क्यूबिक मीटर के स्वीकार्य स्तर से 33 गुना से अधिक और लगभग 397 गुना। 5 माइक्रोग्राम प्रति घन मीटर के नए डब्ल्यूएचओ मानक। इसके बाद उत्तरी दिल्ली में अशोक विहार था, जहां प्रति घंटा पीएम 2.5 एकाग्रता 1,957 माइक्रोग्राम को छू गया। पिछले डेढ़ महीने में दीवाली की आधी रात तक गिरफ्तार किए गए लोगों की संख्या पिछले साल दीवाली पर की गई पुलिस कार्रवाई से काफी कम है. पिछले डेढ़ महीने में पुलिस ने करीब 300 लोगों को पटाखे फोड़ने और स्टॉक करने के आरोप में गिरफ्तार किया है। पिछले साल दीवाली पर पुलिस ने दो मामलों में 850 लोगों को गिरफ्तार किया था। गुरुवार दीपावली के दिन पुलिस ने 1,206 मामले दर्ज किए। बार-बार कॉल और मैसेज करने के बावजूद दिल्ली पुलिस ने टिप्पणी करने से इनकार कर दिया। आईएमडी का कहना है कि हवा की गति केवल शनिवार से ही बढ़ने की उम्मीद है, लेकिन 25-35 किमी / घंटा . तक पहुंच सकती है.पूर्वानुमानकर्ताओं ने कहा कि रविवार से हवा की गुणवत्ता में सुधार देखा जा सकता है। मौसम विभाग के एक अधिकारी ने नाम न बताने की शर्त पर कहा, “शनिवार की सुबह अभी भी कुछ धुंध होगी, लेकिन हवा की गति बढ़कर 30-40 किमी / घंटा हो जाएगी और इससे प्रदूषकों को फैलाने में मदद मिलेगी।”

First Severe Smog Episode Hits Delhi, Could Be Longest In 4 Years: Report

The first severe haze hit Delhi and the National Capital Region (NCR) and is expected to last two more days, the Green Think-Tank Center for Science and Environment (CSE) said today. Advertisement Although the monsoon fog is intense in Delhi, the average daily contribution of farm fire smoke from mid-October to November 8 was the lowest in the last four years, it said. “Approximately, the first episode of the season started with the combined effects of adverse weather (cold and calm winds and reversal), hay burning and fireworks,” said Anumita Roychowdhury, Executive Director, Research and Advocacy, CSE. Compared to the first haze episodes of the previous four years, the current haze coincided with the first haze period of the 2018 and 2020 seasons – both lasted six days. If the situation does not improve, it could surpass the 2019 haze that lasted eight days, the CSE said. Advertisement So far this year, the average haze intensity is 329 micrograms per cubic meter per day, which is lower than the haze of 2020 (6 percent) and haze of 2019 (3 ​​percent). This is more intense than the 2018 haze (about 9 percent). The Green Think Tank says that despite the relatively windy weather, this year’s fog could remain stable for a long time due to the city’s lack of pollution control systems. “Although very high concentrations of PM2.5 have attracted attention, gas levels – ozone, CO or NO2 – have remained high during this foggy period. The PM2.5 concentration on Diwali night (8pm to 8am) was the strongest since 2017, ”said Avikal Sombangshi, Program Manager, Urban Lab, CSE. Advertisement This analysis is based on real-time data available from the existing working air quality monitoring centers in Delhi-NCR and the greater Indo-Gangetic plain. “On average, the contribution of smoke to Delhi’s daily PM2.5 between mid-October to November 8 is the lowest in the last four years. So far, it has recorded an average of 12 per cent per day as against 17 per cent. 16 percent per day (as reported by SAFAR), “said CSE “If converted to perfect density, the contribution to smoke this year stands at 26 micrograms per cubic meter this year, compared to 35 micrograms per cubic meter in 2020, 40 micrograms per cubic meter in 2019 and 31 micrograms per cubic meter in 2018,” it said. Advertisement However, the highest contribution of smoke at the PM level in Delhi was recorded on November 7 when it reached 48 per cent. This is the second highest daily contribution percentage recorded since SAFAR started such estimates in 2018. On November 5, 2018, the maximum one-day contribution was recorded at 58 percent.

India’s new climate targets could mean emissions peaking after 2030

GLASGOW: India through its new climate action commitments has not only demonstrated its seriousness in responding to the climate crisis but also put the ball back in the court of affluent nations by shouldering more than its fair share of burdens and securing a diplomatic edge by pitching itself as a voice of developing countries seeking accountability from rich nations on their finance promises. Though more clarity on how India would achieve its goals may come through the country’s formal submission of nationally determined contributions (NDCs), the fine-print of Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s speech looks bolder than what appeared initially as it has clearly hinted that the country may try to peak its carbon emission after 2030 backed by a huge renewables push. Even as the announcement on ‘net zero’ by 2070 has become a centrepiece of commentary, the real objectives are the pledge to reduce carbon emission in absolute terms – with mitigation currently measured in reduction of carbon intensity (emission per unit of GDP) — and asking the global forum to track the progress on climate finance the way it is being done on climate mitigation (emission reduction). Congratulations! Nevertheless, there has always been an agreement among observers that the country could peak its emission during 2040-45. Modi on Monday announced India will reduce its total projected carbon emissions by one billion tonnes from now onwards till 2030. It means the country would reduce 22% of greenhouse gases (GHG) in carbon equivalent from its total inventory in 2030. The country’s entire GHG inventory is currently less than 3 billion tonnes and it will be 4.5 billion tonnes in 2030 in a business-as-usual scenario. “It also sets the stage for carbon markets. In a way this means absolute emission reductions and this also means that India has set itself to commit to a peak in emissions without saying so explicitly,” said R R Rashmi, distinguished fellow, TERI and India’s former climate negotiator. As far as announcing the ‘net zero’ goal is concerned, India has successfully resisted the pressure from the developed countries to join the 2050 league and instead put it on 2070 timeline which in a way signals foreign and domestic investors who want to invest in manufacturing (Make in India) and development of green technologies in the country. It also indicates that nations with historic responsibilities must pay up. “In fact, by announcing these targets, India is not only walking its talk, it is literally running the talk — and recognising the urgent need to reduce GHG emissions and combat climate change. Going by our comparatively low contribution to global emissions, coupled with the fact that our economy needs to grow and meet the energy needs of millions of poor citizens, we did not need to make such an ambitious pledge. But these are a challenge to the already rich world to step up,” said Sunita Narain, environmentalist and director general of the New Delhi-based policy group, Centre for Science and Environment (CSE). Referring to the CSE analysis on the issue, she said, “As far as the net-zero 2070 is concerned, India’s target matches the commitment of the already industrialised. The fact is that the world must reach net-zero by 2050, which means that the OECD countries should get there by 2030 and China by 2040 (not in 2060 as announced by the country)”.

3 năm mất trắng 4 ngôi nhà: Thảm cảnh của đất nước tỉ dân trước cơn khủng hoảng khí hậu

Anish Yadav đang say giấc trong ngôi nhà của mình - đúng hơn là một túp lều, mỏng manh, được làm từ gỗ và nhựa - khi nước lũ tràn vào. Bức tường bê tông từng dùng để chặn nước lũ trước kia đã sụp đổ, khiến trận lụt tựa như đại hồng thủy tràn vào khu ổ chuột tại Malad - vùng ngoại ô phía bắc của Mumbai, Ấn Độ. "Chúng tôi thức dậy sau tiếng hét thất thanh của những người xung quanh," - Yadav nhớ lại đêm ấy, vào tháng 7/2019. "Nước dâng lên ngập đầu, và tôi phải tận mắt chứng kiến cảnh người ta bị cuốn trôi đi." Bức tường ấy đã bảo vệ Yadav và láng giềng của anh khỏi nước lũ từ các trận bão theo mùa mỗi năm. Căn nhà của anh thậm chí chưa từng bị tổn hại vì lũ. Nhưng bức tường đã sụp đổ, và trong 3 năm sau đó, Yadav phải mất 4 lần xây lại nhà. 3 năm mất trắng 4 ngôi nhà: Thảm cảnh của đất nước tỉ dân trước cơn khủng hoảng khí hậu - Ảnh 1. Bức tường bảo vệ khu ổ chuột của Yadav đã sụp đổ vào năm 2019 Mỗi năm, có hàng ngàn người tại Ấn Độ thiệt mạng vì nước lũ và sạt lở đất trong giai đoạn gió mùa - thường diễn ra từ tháng 6 đến tháng 9 mỗi năm. Về bản chất, gió mùa là một hiện tượng tự nhiên do không khí ấm và ẩm di chuyển từ Ấn Độ Dương vào Nam Á mỗi khi mùa thay đổi. Vấn đề là cơn khủng hoảng khí hậu ngày nay đã khiến gió mùa trở nên kinh khủng và khó đoán hơn. "Bi kịch và trớ trêu, khi người nghèo lại là nạn nhân chính của biến đổi khí hậu dù họ chẳng phải là những người tạo ra nó," - Sunita Narain, tổng giám đốc Trung tâm Khoa học và Môi trường tại Ấn Độ cho biết. Cuối tuần qua, lãnh đạo các nước trên thế giới đã tập trung ở Glasgow để dự hội nghị khí hậu COP26, nhằm tìm ra giải pháp giảm lượng phát thải carbon và tránh được thảm họa từ việc gia tăng nhiệt độ toàn cầu. Nhưng với hàng triệu người Ấn Độ, những văn bản ấy chẳng giúp họ giữ được nhà. Cơn khủng hoảng khí hậu đã ở ngay trước mặt họ, cuốn trôi tất cả mọi thứ. Mất trắng 4 căn nhà trong 3 năm Mumbai, thành phố đông dân nhất của Ấn Độ, là niềm tự hào với những tòa nhà chọc trời và khách sạn sang trọng bậc nhất. Nhưng cũng ở đây lại có khoảng cách chênh lệch giàu nghèo rất lớn. 65% trên tổng số 12 triệu cư dân đang phải sống trong những túp lều che chắn bằng vải bạt và thiếc, ở những khu ổ chuột đông đến nghẹt thở. Yadav và mẹ được sơ tán đến một ngôi trường sau trận lũ năm 2019 - cũng là lần đầu tiên nhà của họ bị cuốn trôi đi. Trận lũ khiến 32 người tử vong, trong khi chính quyền địa phương nhận định khu ổ chuột đã trở nên quá nguy hiểm để sinh sống. Nhưng sau khi lời đề nghị cấp nhà không thành hiện thực, Yadav và mẹ phải trở về đó để xây lại nhà, tiếp tục bám trụ. "Nhà tôi chỉ rộng khoảng 12m2, sàn được làm từ đất," - Yadav kể. "Cọc gỗ được đóng xuống, buộc lại rồi phủ bạt nhựa lên. Và nếu có gió mạnh, chắc chắn là không giữ được." Gia đình Yadav bắt đầu tập thói quen cất giữ đồ quý trong các túi nhựa để tiện di tản. Nhưng có quá nhiều thứ cần phải bảo vệ. 3 năm mất trắng 4 ngôi nhà: Thảm cảnh của đất nước tỉ dân trước cơn khủng hoảng khí hậu - Ảnh 2. "Căn nhà" nơi Yadav ở cùng mẹ của mình Mùa lũ năm 2020, mẹ con Yadav lại mất nhà, kèm theo quần áo và số thực phẩm quý giá mà họ có được. Tháng 5/2021, chuyện đó lại xảy ra sau một cơn cuồng phong quét đến bờ Tây Ấn Độ. Một cơn bão bất thường, vì mọi năm chúng thường quét vào bờ Đông nhiều hơn. TIN LIÊN QUAN Siêu công trình hơn 11 triệu tỷ ở Ả Rập Saudi: Không giống bất cứ thứ gì trên Trái Đất! Lần này, Yadav cho biết mọi người dường như đã chán ngấy với những lời hứa của chính quyền địa phương và vòng lặp tàn khốc: phá hủy - sơ tán - xây lại. "Sống làm sao nổi cơ chứ?" - Yadav nói. Mà nào đã hết. Thảm họa lại một lần nữa tới vào tháng 9/2021, khi mùa mưa bão tưởng như đã hết. Một dòng nước lũ đầy mảnh vỡ lại quét qua khu ổ chuột, vào lúc 1h30 phút sáng. Cư dân lại đi sơ tán, lại phải ở đó trong vài ngày với lượng nước sạch hạn chế và chẳng có nhà vệ sinh. "Liệu có thể trở về hay tìm được một ngôi nhà khác? Chẳng ai biết," - Yadav nói một cách ngán ngẩm. "Họ (nhà chức trách) chỉ bảo chúng tôi sẽ có nhà mới trong 3 - 4 ngày tới, nhưng chẳng có gì xảy ra cả. Mọi người mất việc và cũng chẳng có tiền để mua thực phẩm." Không thể sống nổi Cơn khủng hoảng khí hậu ngày càng xấu đi khiến các trận lũ trở nên nguy hiểm hơn với ít nhất 35% dân số Ấn Độ - tương đương với 472 triệu người. Họ đang sống trong các khu ổ chuột đông đúc, chật hẹp. Muralee Thummarukudy, quyền giám đốc chương trình chống thảm họa tự nhiên của Liên Hợp Quốc (UN) cho biết những người bám trụ ở khu ổ chuột thường phải sống trong những căn nhà hoặc lều trại đầy mỏng manh và chịu nhiều rủi ro hơn với thiên tai. Họ cũng không có bảo hiểm để tái xây dựng hoặc tái định cư trong trường hợp mất tất cả vì nước lũ. 3 năm mất trắng 4 ngôi nhà: Thảm cảnh của đất nước tỉ dân trước cơn khủng hoảng khí hậu - Ảnh 4. Nhưng đâu chỉ có vậy. Kể cả khi nước lũ buông tha cho căn nhà của họ, những tác động thứ cấp vẫn tồn tại - như ô nhiễm nước ngầm, lây lan bệnh tật qua nguồn nước, hay không có nguồn cung thực phẩm. TIN LIÊN QUAN 'Con đường' đắt đỏ bậc nhất hành tinh: Ngốn 100-200 tỷ đô, như dát vàng ở Ả Rập Saudi COP26 trước giờ G: LHQ cảnh báo sấm sét, NATGEO chỉ thẳng 5 nước thải CO2 nhiều nhất "Xu hướng tôi đang chứng kiến là cuộc sống bị xáo trộn bởi thảm họa, rồi nơi trú ẩn bị cuốn trôi," - Rajan Samuel, giám đốc điều hành của Habitat for Humanity cho biết. Một số bang đã hành động, như bang Odisha đã xây dựng kênh thoát nước cho các khu ổ chuột, hay như Kerala cung cấp tài chính để người dân được tái định cư. Nhưng xét trên quy mô toàn quốc, tiến trình vẫn đang rất chậm. Nhiều kế hoạch suốt 2 thập kỷ qua đã thất bại, nơi thiếu vốn, nơi thiếu nhân lực, hoặc do thủ tục hành chính quá lằng nhằng. "Đã từng có lúc những thảm họa như vậy 10 năm mới có 1 lần, rồi 5 năm 1 lần. Còn giờ là 1 năm 10 lần," - Narain nhận xét. "Lũ lụt, hạn hán và các hiện tượng kinh hoàng khác gần đây cho thấy tương lai sẽ như thế nào." Những người phải di cư vì khí hậu Trong nhiều năm, các chuyên gia đã nhiều lần cảnh báo về một cơn khủng hoảng khí hậu sẽ gây ảnh hưởng đến hàng tỉ người vào các thập kỷ kế tiếp. Nó sẽ tạo ra một thế hệ người "di dân khí hậu", hoặc "tị nạn khí hậu". Trong đó, lũ lụt sẽ gây ảnh hưởng nghiêm trọng nhất, khi lượng mưa ngày càng tăng lên. Đừng nghĩ đó chỉ là câu chuyện trên giấy tờ. Vì ở Ấn Độ, nhiều người đã trở thành di dân thật rồi. 3 năm mất trắng 4 ngôi nhà: Thảm cảnh của đất nước tỉ dân trước cơn khủng hoảng khí hậu - Ảnh 6. Thảm họa tự nhiên đã khiến hơn 5 triệu người Ấn Độ mất nhà cửa vào năm 2019, theo một nghiên cứu từ Sydney. Con số ấy sẽ chỉ ngày càng tăng lên mà thôi. Những người như Yadav không có lựa chọn nào khác ngoài việc phải trở lại chốn cũ, dựng nhà và chờ đợi nước lũ cuốn đi. Bản thân gia đình Yadav lại khá chần chừ trong việc rời khỏi mảnh đất của họ trong khu ổ chuột, trừ phi nhà chức trách cung cấp một giải pháp thay thế. Anh và mẹ hiện phải sống dựa vào khoản tiền tiết kiệm ít ỏi hoặc vay mượn từ họ hàng, cùng một vài đồng lẻ kiếm được qua ngày. Sau trận lũ tháng 9, anh mất hoàn toàn hy vọng trước ý nghĩ phải xây lại nhà, một lần nữa. "Mọi thứ kéo dài quá lâu rồi. Bạn chẳng thể biết khi nào nước sẽ tới và lại phá hủy ngôi nhà mình dựng lên một lần nữa."

Why Delhi is witnessing high pollution despite a blanket ban on crackers

Diwali and pollution have become synonymous for the residents of Delhi and adjoining areas. Almost every year, air pollution chokes the national capital just before the festive season. This is attributed to mainly crop burning in adjoining states, cracker bursting and unfavourable climatic conditions that do not allow the pollutants to disperse. This year is no different, despite the ban on crackers and more favourable meteorological conditions prevailing in the area for at least a month now. India Today spoke to experts — both environmentalists and weather scientists — to find out why, despite the cracker ban, Delhi is witnessing "very poor" air quality prior to Diwali. This situation may deteriorate in days to come to the "severe" category, depending on the cracker ban implementation and other important factors. Here are the five reasons behind the worsening air quality of Delhi: LATE MONSOON This year, the rainfall activities continued till late October. This kept October far cleaner than previous years. But at the same time, it delayed the harvesting season as well. Now, Punjab and Haryana are witnessing massive stubble burning just before Diwali. Punjab witnessed more than 3,000 burning spots till November 2, while over 200 burning points were recorded in Haryana on Tuesday. Since significant rainfall activities were witnessed till the third week of October, the harvesting cycle was also delayed. As per the IMD, the contribution of stubble burning to the pollution on Diwali would be more than 5% due to increased stubble burning. Senior weather scientist R K Jenamani told India Today: "We had a much cleaner air quality in October as rains washed away most of the pollutants. That impacted the harvest season as well." advertisement SUDDEN DIP IN TEMPERATURE AND HIGH HUMIDITY A sudden dip in the temperature and reduced wind speed along with high humidity has left fine particles suspended in the air. November started with the minimum temperature dropping below 15 degrees Celsius, along with other meteorological conditions like low wind speed (below 10kmph) impacting the pollutants in the air. Heavier air due to high humidity keeps the particulate matter suspended near the ground. According to R K Jenamani, "Typical winter conditions increased the pollutants in the first week of November. It is on the lower side of "very bad" AQI right now, which is likely to deteriorate in the next few days. The only relief in sight is a high vertical airflow, which is dispersing the pollutants away from the earth’s surface to the higher atmosphere." Senior environmentalist Anumita Roy Choudhary also said, "Diwali pollution has a major climatic factor behind it. Due to the conditions prevailing in the northern plains, the pollutants remain trapped." ALSO READ | Crackers, farm fires may push Delhi's air quality to 'severe' zone on Diwali CHECK THESE OUT More NEET 2021 topper with AIR 5 Nikhar Bansal is writing a novel NEET 2021 topper with AIR 5 Nikhar Bansal is writing a novel MOST READ Malaysia to ‘make life difficult’ for those choosing not to get vaccinated against Covid-19 Malaysia to ‘make life difficult’ for those choosing not to get vaccinated against Covid-19 TRENDING How Priyanka Gandhi has used 4 incidents to build Congress's campaign in Uttar Pradesh How Priyanka Gandhi has used 4 incidents to build Congress's campaign in Uttar Pradesh TRENDING Fact Check- Viral post falsely claims that state levies more tax on LPG cylinder than Centre Fact Check- Viral post falsely claims that state levies more tax on LPG cylinder than Centre TRENDING Computer shortcut keys everyone should know: Word, Excel, Outlook, Windows shortcuts Computer shortcut keys everyone should know: Word, Excel, Outlook, Windows shortcuts TRENDING Baby elephant wearing pink bow and cover enjoys sugarcane treats. Adorable viral video Baby elephant wearing pink bow and cover enjoys sugarcane treats. Adorable viral video MOST READ INEFFECTIVE BAN ON FIRECRACKERS Although several NCR cities have ordered a blanket ban on firecrackers, including green crackers, the implementation is not complete. Many of the shops in the NCR areas can be seen selling firecrackers. Many political leaders have also opposed the ban on crackers. IMD scientist Jenamani mentioned, "The next 36 hours would be crucial. Deteriorated pollution levels during the last few days were mainly due to PM2.5 levels and even firecrackers are a big source of these small particulate matter. So, even if the climatic conditions are better, human activities can be a spoiler during Diwali." COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES PICKING UP After a long Covid break commercial activities shot up in the days leading to Diwali, resulting in increased vehicular pollution — the largest contributor to Delhi’s pollution. During the last week, several markets have seen huge footfalls. Shoppers choked roads till the eve of Diwali as commercial activities picked up. This led to an increase in vehicular pollution, which contributes almost 40% of the total air pollution on normal days. Anumita Roy Choudhary elaborated, "We have studied traffic intensity during Diwali. Our findings revealed that due to high commercial activities, both the vehicular pollution and dust pollution increase by several notches." advertisement NO RAIN IN SIGHT TO MITIGATE STUBBLE BURNING DAMAGE If Delhiites are expecting relief after Diwali, they are in for a disappointment. There are very low chances of improvement in the air quality. Anumita Roy Choudhary explained, "Stubble burning may increase immediately after Diwali and its contribution to Delhi’s air pollution could reach up to 38% by November 6." While the weather department is claiming that the wind speed will rise from Saturday and that could help in blowing out the pollutants. But at the same time, there has been hardly any rainfall activity in the capital for the last 10 days and, as of now, there are no future predictions for rain. Hence, washing out of the pollutants is also only a remote hope.

Climate pledge: On CoP26 summit in Glasgow

Nations must realise they are not in a competitive race but trying to outrun the clock In a surprise move at COP26 in Glasgow, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that India will commit to ambitious, enhanced climate targets and cuts in carbon emissions in its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). There were promises to increase non-fossil fuel energy capacity to 500 GW, meet 50% energy from renewable energy, reduce emissions by one billion tonnes, and bring down the economy’s carbon intensity below 45%, all by 2030. Finally, the PM made the much-awaited declaration: to reach Net Zero emissions by 2070. The announcement came as a surprise given that India had given no assurances to visiting western climate negotiators before the conference, and had not filed updated NDCs by the deadline last month. Earlier, the G20 summit in Rome ended without any new commitments on climate change, and India’s G20 Sherpa and Minister Piyush Goyal had said that India could not “identify a year” for ending net carbon emissions (ensuring carbon dioxide emissions are absorbed by the use of technology and lowering output), unless the developed world committed to funding India’s energy transition and enabled clean technology transfers on a much higher scale. Mr. Goyal even suggested that India could not switch to non-fossil fuel and end coal-based thermal plants unless it was made a member of the Nuclear Suppliers Group, where it is being blocked by China and a number of other countries. Mr. Modi’s pledges in 2021 will require an almost immediate shift in the Government’s priorities if it wishes to meet its first few goals in just eight years. According to one estimate (the Centre for Science and Environment), the promise to reduce emissions by one billion tonnes would need a reduction in India’s carbon output by a massive 22% by 2030. On Net Zero, the target of 2070 is two decades after the global goal at mid-century, and would require the world’s other growing economies including China to peak emissions, preferably by 2030 itself. India meets about 12% of its electricity needs through renewable energy, and ramping that up to 50% by 2030 will be a tall ask too. If the Government realises Mr. Modi’s promises in Glasgow, India will be a global beacon in fighting climate change and ensuring sustainable development. At the least, it is hoped the commitments will inspire other countries to keep their word, particularly the developed world that has lagged behind in fulfilling combined promises of billions of dollars to fund emerging economies, LDCs and the most climate vulnerable countries in the global South. When it comes to climate change, countries must remember they are not in competition with one another, but trying together to outrun the clock.

Winter in the air: AQI in Delhi slumps to 'very poor' first time this season

NEW DELHI: Delhi's air quality deteriorated as it entered the "very poor" category for the first time this season. The overall air quality index (AQI) of the city was 303 on Tuesday as against 281 in the "poor" category on Monday. Experts said the contribution of stubble burning to Delhi's PM2.5 was less due to wind direction, but meteorological factors and local sources of pollution affected the air quality. With winter setting in, calm wind conditions, shallow mixing layer height and low temperature have caused accumulation of pollutants. The minimum temperature was recorded at 14oC on Tuesday and low temperature slows the dispersion of pollution. Before this, the highest AQI of the season was recorded at 298 in the "poor" category on October 17. Though it had touched the "very poor" range that day for some hours, the 24-hour average AQI improved later in the day after rain. Dipankar Saha, former head at the Central Pollution Control Board's air laboratory, said, "The wind speed has been fluctuating between 2 m/sec to 4 m/sec in Delhi. The lowest wind speed recorded in the city at 2 m/s is categorised as calm wind. The low local wind speed has led to accumulation of pollutants. The situation will remain the same for the next few days and pollutants may start dispersing after the festival." The System of Air Quality and Weather Forecasting And Research (SAFAR), the forecasting body under the Union ministry of earth sciences, said, "Delhi's AQI is in the 'very poor' category and likely to remain so for the next two days. The impact of stubble burning is expected to be low due to unfavourable winds coming from south-west and east direction. Share of crop residue burning emissions in PM2.5 is about 6% (effective fire count 1,795). Prevailing shallow mixing layer height reduces dispersion of pollutants." SAFAR added that during November 4-6 (Diwali and the next two days), the share of stubble burning in PM2.5 is expected to be in the range of 20-38% as the wind direction is likely to change to north-westerly. Anumita Roychowdhury, executive director (research and advocacy), Centre for Science and Environment, said, "We have hit the first 'very poor day' of the season. Air quality is expected to worsen with winter conditions hardening and trapping pollution. We need a clear strategy in Delhi and across the region to prevent a full-blown smog episode."

Despite ban, crackers make their presence felt in Delhi

Firecrackers have been banned in entirety by the Delhi government, and an older ban by National Green Tribunal (and endorsed by the Supreme Court) bans the sale and use of ones made with barium-based formulations in the National Capital Region (NCR) In spite of a ban on the sale and use of firecrackers, a black market has sprung up in various parts of the national Capital, a spot check by HT correspondents found, in what could allow people to violate the restrictions on Diwali and trigger an air pollution crisis. In at least six localities, HT’s correspondents were told by people ranging from local shop owners to auto-rickshaw drivers that they could help procure firecrackers and deliver them at the doorstep to minimise the risk of being caught. In two of these places, the people allowed the stocks to be inspected for purchase. Firecrackers have been banned in entirety by the Delhi government, and an older ban by National Green Tribunal (and endorsed by the Supreme Court) bans the sale and use of ones made with barium-based formulations in the National Capital Region (NCR). The ones without barium are known as green firecrackers, but their certification and veracity has been difficult to determine. In the week leading to Diwali, which is on Thursday, both types of firecrackers were available at multiple spots that HT visited: Kabir Nagar, Rohini, Ghazipur, Bhalswa, Tilak Nagar, and Munirka. In Kabir Nagar, an auto driver offered to get boxes of green varieties of “anar, phuljhari, and rockets” for a commission. The price quoted by the driver for two boxes each anar (flowerpots), two boxes of phuljhari (sparkles) and one box of rockets eventually came to ₹4,580 and the driver insisted on upfront payment. “I can deliver it to your house but you will have to pay the full amount in cash right away,” the driver said, asking not to be identified, before showing some samples. In Rajouri Garden, two men approached HT’s correspondents after they made enquiries about where firecrackers could be bought. The two made their way to a small grocery store where the shopkeeper said the items will be home delivered “the next day” with an option of paying later. The shopkeeper showed some samples and a handwritten rate card, but was not able to say if the firecrackers that he would deliver were of the “green” variety. The samples shown were in green packaging but did not carry any verifiable barcode comes with the CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (Neeri) certification for green firecrackers. “What is Diwali without a few crackers? The government has completely finished Diwali,” he said. Delhi chief minister Arvind Kejriwal on September 15 announced a complete ban on firecrackers till January 1, citing the annual deterioration of air quality crisis that happens during winter. On Tuesday, the air quality index entered the red ‘very poor’ zone for the first time and an analysis by government experts said that even if 50% of the amount of firecrackers burst in 2019 is used this year, air pollution levels will shoot up to ‘severe’. The ban on all firecrackers has been opposed by traders. A group of over 50 licensed firecracker sellers moved the Delhi high court against the ban on Monday, although their plea was turned down. Justice Sanjeev Sachdeva, while hearing the plea by traders seeking permission to sell the so-called green firecrackers in line with the NGT order, was told by the Delhi government its officials have seized over 11,000 kg of firecrackers till October 24 this year. “We are keeping a close watch on the instances sale, storage and use of crackers. But it has come to our notice that cracker bursting is being reported in some parts of the city over the last two weeks. The problem is that Delhi is a small city and because of its porous borders with Haryana and Uttar Pradesh, it becomes easier for people to get access to these banned items. Since there are no such bans in these states, implementation of the ban in Delhi becomes a little challenging,” said a senior environment department official, asking not to be named. A seller at the Gold Star Patakha Godam in Gurugram said that the sale of green firecrackers was allowed in Haryana. “We are not doing anything illegal. Firecrackers are allowed here. If someone from Delhi is buying from here, that becomes their problem and the problem of the authorities there,” he said, asking not to be named. Delhi Police officers said that their action was largely dependent on intelligence inputs, manual checking of legal as well as illegal shops and warehouses, and of vehicles crossing in from Delhi’s borders. “We have the list of permanent as well as temporary firecracker vendors because they either hold licences or apply for one before Diwali. Keeping a vigil on them or their stocks is easy. But when people run an illegal business just during the festival, it becomes difficult. The only way we can catch such new players is either through intelligence inputs or manual checking. Checking every individual at the border is a tedious task,” said a senior police officer, who did not want to be named. According to police officers, all police personnel on duty across the city have been directed to enforce the ban and carry out a “massive crackdown” on people involved in the illegal sale and use of crackers. “We have held several meetings with market welfare associations and shopkeepers to update them about the guidelines on crackers and the legal actions they may face if found violating the orders. Apart from the regular policing, police personnel in plain clothes are also carrying out surprise checks,” said Sagar Singh Kalsi, deputy commissioner of police (north), adding that 17 people have been arrested in seven cases in which nearly 1,700 banned crackers have been seized by the north district police. Anumita Roychowdhury, executive director (research and advocacy), Centre for Science and Environment, said Delhi cannot implement a successful firecracker ban because of close proximity and easy access in neighbouring states.

Experts Unsure of Modi's COP26 Commitments, Claim That the Devil Lies in Detail and Implementation

Welcoming Prime Minister Narendra Modi's announcement of enhancing India's ambition, including declaring that India will go net zero in 2070, at the COP26, experts and stakeholders have also expressed caution that the devil lay in the detail and the actual implementation will matter more than mere announcements. At the high-level World Leaders' Summit at COP26 on Monday, Modi had announced, apart from the net-zero target year, that India will enhance its targets to combat climate change by increasing its non-fossil fuel energy capacity to 500 GW by 2030, meet 50 per cent of its energy requirement from renewable energy by 2030, reduce its projected carbon emissions by 1 billion tons from now till 2030 and bring down the carbon intensity of its economy to less than 45 per cent. "India's national targets, announced by the Prime Minister, are bold and ambitious, but they will be immensely challenging as well to achieve. Going by our comparatively low contribution to global emissions, coupled with the fact that our economy needs to grow and meet the energy needs of millions of poor citizens, we did not need to make such an ambitious pledge - but these are a challenge to the already rich world to step up - the time for procrastination and prevarication is over," Centre for Science and Environment's Sunita Narain said. The commitment to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions by 1 billion tonnes also means that India has decided to transform the energy system at a time when there is still the challenge of reaching affordable energy to millions in the country. "As far as the net-zero 2070 is concerned, India's target matches the commitment of the already industrialised. The fact is that the world must reach net-zero by 2050, which means that the OECD countries should get there by 2030 and China by 2040. The net-zero target is not equitable or ambitious," she said. Stating that Modi's goals of climate action demand universal strategies from all nations and that India's growth path must increasingly include sustainability as a concomitant objective, CII President, T.V. Narendran, said that Indian industry is making significant progress in the climate mitigation mission and viewed Prime Minister Modi's commitments as an opportunity to teach sustainability actions across its operations, goods and services. "CII stands with the Prime Minister in ensuring that India meets its commitments for a cleaner, greener planet." The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) Director-General, Vibha Dhawan, in a tweet, said: "Announcing the five points highlighting India's Climate Action along with the year of achieving Net Zero is a huge step for the country both in terms of short-term and long-term climate action strategies. India has taken a pragmatic approach by announcing concrete targets in the short term by 2030 as well as achieving carbon neutrality in the long term". Modi's announcements, especially the net-zero target, sent shockwaves across the western world with mixed bag reactions. Referring to that, Professor at the Centre for Policy Research Navroz Dubash said: "Overseas media will focus on India's net-zero by 2070 statement. But while it may mean something diplomatically, it will not be what drives change in India." "Much more intriguing are the announcements on railways, on non-fossil capacity and the benchmark for renewable energy. These are what give scope for India to drive a low-carbon development transition in the next decade," he said. But some experts have feared that with no clarity about details, India seems to have missed out on no new coal opportunity. "Given the changing economics of the energy sector, with renewables and battery storage now cheaper than the new coal, India was well-positioned to commit to No New Coal and a coal peak. The fact that it didn't is worrying and a huge missed opportunity," think tank Climate Risks Horizons CEO Ashish Fernandes said. "What's the plan to stop growing our coal and oil emissions specifically and start phasing down? India cannot afford, for both financial and ecological reasons, to continue expanding its coal sector," he added.

Sommet sur le climat de la COP 26 : pas zéro d’ici 2050, mais des émissions bien inférieures à aujourd’hui

Certains pays imposent déjà des tarifs carbone sur les importations de certains biens, en particulier ceux qui dépendent de l’énergie dérivée des combustibles fossiles. La promesse de New Delhi, lors du sommet sur le climat de la COP 26, de réduire à zéro les émissions nettes de carbone d’ici 2070 a surpris beaucoup car l’Inde avait semblé réticente à accepter une échéance. Des responsables discrets proposaient au bureaucrate standard de dire que l’Inde irait à Glasgow avec un état d’esprit positif, ce qui signifie que cela ne jouerait pas un rôle décisif. Cependant, le Premier ministre Narendra Modi s’est engagé à mettre en place une capacité de production d’énergie non fossile de 500 GW d’ici 2030, date à laquelle 50 % des besoins énergétiques du pays seraient couverts par les énergies renouvelables. Le Premier ministre a déclaré lors du sommet sur le climat que l’Inde réduirait les émissions totales de carbone prévues d’un milliard de tonnes, encore une fois d’ici 2030, et réduirait également l’intensité carbone de l’économie à moins de 45% d’ici la fin de la décennie. La plupart des pays riches se sont fixés des échéances plus précoces, autour de 2050. Cependant, la date lointaine de la Chine, 2060, a été considérée par beaucoup comme le pays n’en faisant pas assez. En effet, l’objectif lointain lui permettrait de continuer à implanter des centrales à charbon. Dans ce contexte, l’Inde 2070 encore plus lointaine pourrait également être perçue comme non significative et les négociations pourraient devenir délicates. Cependant, étant donné le coût de l’exercice, il aurait été difficile pour l’Inde d’en faire plus en moins de temps. De plus, ce n’est pas comme si les pays riches affichaient beaucoup plus d’urgence, en termes de leurs propres plans, qu’ils ne l’ont fait à Paris en 2015. Les experts pensent que l’horizon 2070 donnerait à l’Inde l’opportunité nécessaire pour réaliser son développement ; pour que les pays en développement aient l’espace de se développer, les pays développés devront devenir beaucoup plus ambitieux quant aux objectifs nets zéro pour eux-mêmes qu’ils ne se sont fixés. Étant donné que l’Inde est le troisième émetteur mondial de gaz à effet de serre, la lutte contre les changements climatiques et la réduction des émissions de carbone nécessiteraient un soutien financier et technologique majeur. Le Premier ministre a appelé les pays développés sur les promesses qu’ils ont faites de débloquer des fonds pour l’atténuation et l’adaptation et les a exhortés à aider la transition avec un corpus de 1 000 milliards de dollars, soit une multiplication par dix par rapport aux estimations précédentes. Il n’est pas clair comment les pays développés réagiront à l’augmentation quantique par rapport aux niveaux fixés par eux ; il est difficile de voir des fonds de cette ampleur être engagés même si de nombreux autres pays ont élevé la barre dans leur transition vers l’énergie propre. Les experts qui ont averti que le financement doit être à la fois transparent et mesurable doivent être pris en compte ; Sunita Narain l’observait récemment dans une chronique de Business Standard, ce n’est pas seulement l’ampleur du financement qui doit être décidée, mais aussi les règles qui régiraient le corpus pour que les transferts puissent être comptés et vérifiés. Narain a averti qu’une répétition du mécanisme de développement propre (MDP) compliqué, alambiqué et bon marché devrait être évitée. Outre l’aide mondiale, l’Inde aura également besoin de sources de financement internes ; il est peu probable que des taxes sur le carbone soient prélevées au cours des prochaines années, mais il est possible qu’une sorte de taxe entre en vigueur par la suite. Certains pays imposent déjà des tarifs carbone sur les importations de certains biens, en particulier ceux qui dépendent de l’énergie dérivée des combustibles fossiles. Dans ce contexte, le résultat final du sommet du G20 a été décevant. Bien qu’il y ait eu unanimité pour mettre fin au financement international de la production d’électricité au charbon, aucun objectif n’a été fixé pour l’élimination progressive du charbon au niveau national. Obtenez les cours boursiers en direct de l’ESB, de la NSE, du marché américain et de la dernière valeur liquidative, du portefeuille de fonds communs de placement, consultez les dernières nouvelles sur les IPO, les meilleures introductions en bourse, calculez votre impôt à l’aide du calculateur d’impôt sur le revenu, connaissez les meilleurs gagnants, les meilleurs perdants et les meilleurs fonds d’actions du marché. Aimez-nous sur Facebook et suivez-nous sur Twitter. Financial Express est maintenant sur Telegram. Cliquez ici pour rejoindre notre chaîne et rester à jour avec les dernières nouvelles et mises à jour de Biz.

Las ansias de desarrollo retrasan el compromiso climático de India hasta 2070

Moncho Torres.- EFEverde.- La seguridad energética y la fuerte dependencia del carbón ha empujado a la India a retrasar dos décadas, hasta 2070, el compromiso de alcanzar el nivel de cero emisiones netas de carbono que pide la ONU, una demora que el tercer país con más emisiones y cuyas ciudades respiran uno de los aires más enrarecidos del mundo justifica por su necesidad de desarrollo. El primer ministro indio, Narendra Modi, aprovechó el lunes su discurso en el escaparate mundial de la cumbre del clima COP26 en Glasgow para anunciar por primera vez el plazo marcado por la India para alcanzar la neutralidad de carbono: “El año 2070”. Según la petición de la ONU, las emisiones globales deben reducirse a la mitad para 2030 y llegar al nivel cero neto para 2050, un objetivo al que se han comprometido muchos de los países más industrializados, mientras que otros como China fijaron para 2030 el pico de emisiones y en 2060, la neutralidad. Modi relegó ese dato inédito al final de una lista de cinco objetivos que se impuso este país de 1.300 millones de habitantes para combatir el cambio climático, entre los que estaban también alcanzar para 2030 los 500 gigavatios (GW) de energía no fósil (en 2019 eran 134 GW frente a 228 GW de carbón y gas) y cubrir el 50 % de sus necesidades energéticas con renovables. Además, para 2030, la India se comprometió también a reducir la intensidad de carbono de su economía a menos del 45 %, así como a rebajar sus emisiones de carbono en 1.000 millones de toneladas. La India: 17 % de la población mundial y 5 % de emisiones Todos estos objetivos se producen, advirtió Modi, a pesar de que la India es “un país en desarrollo (…) que está trabajando para sacar a millones de personas de la pobreza, (y que aunque cuenta con) el 17 % de la población mundial, su responsabilidad en las emisiones ha sido solo del 5 por ciento” global. Unos datos similares a los que expone la base de datos de emisiones de la Comisión Europea, que sitúa el porcentaje de China, el mayor contaminante del mundo, en el 30,34 %, el de Estados Unidos en un 13,43 %, y el de la India, en un tercer lugar, en un 6,83 %. Además, las toneladas de emisiones per cápita se sitúan en 1,9 en la India, frente a las 15,5 de Estados Unidos o las 8,1 de China. Por eso, el mandatario remarcó que los países ricos deben responder a su anuncio con un mayor impulso a las ayudas financieras: “La India espera que los países desarrollados hagan que esté disponible un billón de dólares (860.000 millones de euros) en forma de financiación climática tan pronto como sea posible”. Esa petición supera incluso el compromiso no cumplido tomado en el Acuerdo de París en 2015 de financiar con 100.000 millones de dólares anuales a las naciones en desarrollo para limitar el calentamiento global por debajo de los 2 grados, con la esperanza de restringirlo a 1,5 grados por encima de los niveles preindustriales. “Para nosotros, el éxito de la COP dependerá de lo que se entregue en financiación”, afirmó antes de la cumbre a un grupo de periodistas de medios extranjeros, entre los que se encontraba EFE, el secretario del Ministerio de Medioambiente indio, R.P. Gupta. Innovación tecnológica Esa financiación resulta clave para que la India, que en la actualidad “depende demasiado del carbón”, según Gupta, pueda invertir en una tecnología que permita al país reducir las emisiones al tiempo que garantiza la seguridad energética y el crecimiento. El mandatario indio insistió este martes en un acto paralelo durante la COP26, bajo el lema “Acelerar la innovación y el despliegue de tecnologías limpias”, que con esos avances se podrá extraer de fuentes como el sol la energía necesaria, teniendo en cuenta que “la misma energía que consume la raza humana en un año, la proporciona el sol a la Tierra en una hora”. El Centro para la Ciencia y el Medioambiente de la India (CSE) celebró por su parte en un comunicado los objetivos anunciados por Modi en la COP26 como “audaces y ambiciosos, pero su consecución también será un gran desafío”, anotó. “Teniendo en cuenta nuestra contribución comparativamente baja a las emisiones globales, junto con el hecho de que nuestra economía necesita crecer y satisfacer las necesidades energéticas de millones de ciudadanos pobres, no necesitábamos hacer una promesa tan ambiciosa (pero) el tiempo de la procrastinación y la evasión ha terminado”, aseguró la directora general del CSE, Sunita Narain. EFEverde

Bulan Lalu, India Rasakan Udara Terbersih dalam 4 Tahun

Cuaca di India pada bulan lalu menurunkan polusi udara. REPUBLIKA.CO.ID, NEW DELHI -- Kondisi cuaca yang menguntungkan menyebabkan penurunan polusi yang jarang terjadi di ibu kota India, New Delhi. Penduduk menghirup udara terbersih setidaknya dalam empat tahun pada bulan lalu. Monsun yang berakhir, hujan yang berselang-seling, dan peningkatan kecepatan angin yang tajam memastikan kondisi udara menjadi lebih baik. Konsentrasi partikel kecil di udara yang berbahaya yang dikenal sebagai PM2.5 dalam satu meter kubik udara rata-rata 72 pada Oktober 2021. Menurut data yang dikumpulkan oleh Badan Pengendalian Polusi Pusat yang dikelola India, jumlah itu turun tajam dari konsentrasi rata-rata 126 yang tercatat pada Oktober 2020 atau 25 kali di atas batas aman Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO). Namun ada beberapa faktor yang bisa membuat kualitas udara kembali memburuk. Suhu yang turun, penurunan kecepatan angin musim dingin dan petani bersiap untuk membakar limbah pertanian dari tanaman padi sebelumnya untuk menyiapkan ladang guna menanam tanaman gandum menjadi faktor tersebut. "Karena seringnya hujan, sebagian besar petani tidak bisa membakar tunggul tanaman, dan sekarang mereka memiliki jeda yang lebih pendek untuk membuang limbah tanaman,” kata direktur eksekutif di wadah pemikir Center for Science and Environment, Anumita Roychowdhury. "Saat hujan surut, semakin banyak petani akan bergegas membakar tunggul padi. Itu akan terjadi ketika pola cuaca yang lebih luas akan memungkinkan polutan menggantung di udara, menghasilkan kabut asap tebal," kata Roychowdhury. Pembakaran limbah tanaman menyumbang sekitar seperempat dari polusi udara pada Oktober dan November. Kekhawatiran perubahan kualitas udara pun akan semakin buruk dengan festival lampu Diwali jatuh pada 4 November ketika orang India akan menyalakan petasan sebagai bagian dari tradisi Hindu kuno. Delhi telah melarang penjualan petasan, tetapi pihak berwenang jarang memberlakukan pembatasan seperti itu. "Udara Oktober bersih, tapi kami benar-benar khawatir tentang November. Pembakaran tunggul bisa mencapai puncaknya tepat setelah Diwali," kata seorang pejabat senior pemerintah yang terlibat dalam pembingkaian kebijakan untuk mengekang polusi udara.

Explained: PM Narendra Modi’s commitments at COP26 summit on climate change

Here’s an explainer on what Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi committed at the UN-led COP26 summit on climate change mitigation, held in Glasgow, Scotland In one of the most ambitious targets by a developing country to combat climate change, Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Monday announced that India will achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2070. The announcement, made at the UN-led COP26 climate change summit in Glasgow, will push the developed world to enhance climate finance for the 2021-2030 period. The Indian PM also made it clear that rich countries will have to provide $ 1 trillion in climate finance to the developing world to achieve its climate change mitigation targets, while speaking out in support of vulnerable island nations that are in the danger of submerging because of rising sea levels. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO), a UN body, had said that the global sea level rose by a factor of two - that is, 4.3mm per year - between 2013 and 2021, and the rate of rise is expected to jump further in the coming decade due to rising carbon emissions. India’s five-point climate action plan, which PM Narendra Modi described as “panchamrit (five values)”, is set to give a firm push to India’s plans for increasing renewable energy, and switching to electricity and hydrogen fuels for transport. India is No. 4 in the world when it comes to installed renewable energy capacity, and its non-fossil fuel energy has increased by more than 25% in the last seven years, reaching 40 % of country’s energy mix this year. However, India will continue to grow on fossil fuels for another 20 years, and only after that, its emissions will start to fall, show various studies done on the country’s energy basket. All this will also depend a lot on technology transfer from the western world and the installation of new green energy hubs in India. Here’s an explainer on what India committed at the COP26 climate change summit in Glasgow. Net zero by 2070 A paper done by Montek Singh Ahluwalia, then vice-chairperson of the now dissolved Planning Commission, which was released in October 2021, says India’s emissions can peak around 2035 and then move towards net zero sometime between 2065 and 2070. But another paper, done by the Council for Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW), says India will have to peak by 2040 to achieve its target of reaching net zero by 2070. For this to happen, the CEEW said coal-based power generation must peak by 2040 and then come down. The CEEW also said solar electricity generation will have to go up to 5,630GW by 2070, while the wind energy will be second biggest contributor by providing 1,792GW by 2070. To achieve net zero, the share of electric cars and the contribution of biofuels for heavier vehicles will have to reach 84% by 2070, the CEEW said, adding that the majority section of industry will have to shift to cleaner biofuels or hydrogen. As of 2019, India installed a capacity to generate about 134GW of clean energy from solar, wind and nuclear sources, the Centre for Science and Environment said. India, as of today, has about 210GW of coal-based capacity – with 39GW under construction and another 25GW in various stages of approval. “Reducing the life [span] of [such] plants to 25 years can help in achieving net zero,” Montek Singh Ahluwalia said. There is unanimity among energy experts that India’s dependence on coal will have to be cut drastically in the next 10-15 years to achieve its net zero target, and the country will have to swiftly switch to cleaner fuels. Ahluwalia also warned that phasing out coal will have financial implications for poor states such as Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Jharkhand, Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. In Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand, for example, close to 15% of the state revenue comes directly and indirectly from the mining sector. In addition, these states will lose out on employment as new employment opportunities in the renewable energy sector will be created in western and southern India, which have better solar and wind resources. With India aiming to cover one-third of its geographical area with trees and forest cover, the country’s carbon reducing capacity will go up considerably. \ Forests can absorb up to 20 % of carbon emissions, according to an environment ministry study conducted in 2011 when India’s green cover was about 24% of the its geographical area. With the green cover increasing, the country’s carbon sequestration ability will also improve. Net zero basically refers to the balance between the quantity of greenhouse gases emitted and the quantity removed from the air. A country is said to have reached net zero when the quantity of greenhouse gases it adds to the atmosphere is equal to the quantity it manages to remove from the air - cancelling each other out. Net zero was the most hotly debated subject at the COP26 talks in Glasgow as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) had said achieving net zero by 2050 is a must to limit an overall global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius to pre-industrial levels by the end of 2100. India is the fourth largest emitter of greenhouse gases after China, the US and the European Union bloc, and according to the IPCC’s Sixth Assessment Report released on August 9, it will be among the most severely affected countries. 500GW of non-fossil fuels by 2030 This target is easier said than done even though India has prepared a road map for having installed capacity to generate 450GW by 2030. In an analysis for the 500GW target, the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) said India’s Central Electricity Authority (CEA) has done a projection for the country’s energy mix for 2030 that shows it will need to have solar energy installed capacity of 280GW and wind energy installed capacity of 140GW. The rest of the energy needs will come from nuclear. This would mean India will produce half of its energy requirements from renewables, which PM Narendra Modi promised at the COP26 summit. According to the CEA, India’s total installed electricity capacity will be 1,100GW by 2030. The CSE said that target is achievable if India stops investing in coal. Cutting carbon emissions by 1 billion tonnes Modi announced in Glasgow that India will reduce projected carbon emissions by 1 billion tonnes (Gt) between 2021 and 2030 - but that does not mean India will cut emissions. It basically means 1 billion tonnes of lesser emissions from the business-as-usual scenario. According to the business-as-usual scenario, India’s projected carbon emissions by 2030 will be 4.48 billion tonnes, almost double its present emissions, according to the CSE. This would mean a 22% reduction in carbon emissions. India’s projected emissions in 2030 would be 3.48 billion tonnes, just 9% of the remaining carbon budget of 400 billion tonnes. Of the total global emissions, India’s share will be a relatively small 8.4%, while China and the US will continue to be two biggest carbon emitters, the CSE said. In per capita terms, it would mean India will have emitted 2.98 tonnes of CO2 in a business-as-usual scenario, and going by this target, it will be 2.31 tonnes per capita, less than that of any industrialised country in the world including China. As of today, India’s per capita emissions is 1.98 tonnes of CO2. If you compare this to the world, the US per capita emissions will be 9.42 tonnes in 2030, EU 4.12 tonnes in 2030, India’s will be 2.7 tonnes in 2030 and China’s will be 8.88 tonnes per capita. According to the IPCC, global CO2 emissions must be 18.22 Gt in 2030 for the world to limit the rise in the overall temperature to under 1.5°C. Reducing carbon intensity by 45% Carbon intensity measures emissions of CO2 for per unit of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). So, reducing carbon intensity means India will emit less carbon for its economic growth and its adaptation of cleaner technologies in various sectors of the economy. According to the CSE, India has achieved 25% of emission intensity reduction of its GDP between 2005 and 2016, and is on course to achieve more than 40% by 2030. Achieving 45% won’t be difficult considering India would be meeting half of its energy demand from cleaner technologies by 2030, and there is a broad hydrogen road map for the country to adopt over the next 10 years. India has taken measures to reduce emissions from the transport sector, and the energy intensive industrial sector - especially cement, iron and steel, non-metallic minerals and chemical, which contribute about 30% of the total emissions. In the coming years, India will have to make the measures stringent and force industries to comply with them, Ahluwalia said in his paper. The CEEW said that India will have to reinvent its mobility systems to move people and goods in a more efficient manner. “India can significantly reduce its carbon intensity by giving incentives to adopt hydrogen as fuel for new industries and for non-peak hours,” said Chandra Bhushan, CEO of I-Forest. Climate finance The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) defines climate finance as money from government, private and alternate sources of financing. Climate finance is needed for mitigation because large-scale investments are required to significantly reduce emissions. It is also needed for the adaptation process, as significant financial resources are needed to adapt to adverse effects and reduce the impact of changing climate, according to the UNFCCC. Modi categorically said the developing world expects developed countries to provide climate finance of $1 trillion at the earliest to meet net zero targets and adopt a cleaner growth trajectory. Till end of 2020, the rich countries were able to provide $80 billion dollars of climate finance. In 2009, developed countries pledged to raise $100 billion a year by 2020 to help developing countries deal with the impact of climate change. The finance ministers of rich countries at a G20 meeting pushed back the year to 2023 in a bid to end a possible deadlock at the Glasgow summit.

भारत का धर्मसंकट : जलवायु बचाए तो खड़ा होगा रोजगार संकट, कैसे पूरा करेगा कार्बन उत्सर्जन घटाने का लक्ष्य

भारत द्वारा जाहिर की गई प्रतिबद्धता के तहत 100 करोड़ टन कार्बन उत्सर्जन घटाने के मायने हैं कि हम करीब 22 प्रतिशत उत्सर्जन कम कर लेंगे। यह लक्ष्य हासिल करने का अर्थ है कि भारतवासी 2030 तक औद्योगिकीकरण कर चुके सभी देशों के नागरिकों के औसत से कम कार्बन उत्सर्जन कर रहे होंगे। सेंटर फॉर साइंस (सीएसई) के अनुसार भारत के लक्ष्य महत्वाकांक्षी हैं, चुनौतियों से भरे भी। सेंटर की संस्थापक सुनीता नारायण कहती हैं कि पहले ही भारत के सामने अपने लाखों गरीब नागरिकों की ज़रूरतें पूरी करने की चुनौती है, हमें इस प्रकार की प्रतिबद्धता देने की जरूरत नहीं थी। विकसित देशों को इस बारे ज्यादा योगदान देना चाहिए। दूसरी ओर हमें 2070 तक कार्बन में नेट जीरो उत्सर्जन हासिल करने के लिए अपने ऊर्जा क्षेत्र को भी बड़े बदलाव से गुजारना होगा। साल 2030 तक गैर जीवाश्म ईंधन की क्षमता 500 गीगावाट भारत के केंद्रीय ऊर्जा प्राधिकरण ने पहले ही 2030 तक यह लक्ष्य दे दिए हैं। इनके अनुसार 2019 में हम गैर-जीवाश्म ईंधन से 134 गीगावाट बिजली बना रहे थे, जो 2030 तक 522 गीगावाट तक बढ़ाई जाएगी। इसमें सौर ऊर्जा से 280 और पवन ऊर्जा से 140 गीगावाट उत्पादन होगा। 2030 तक ही हमें कुल 2,51,800 करोड़ यूनिट बिजली की ज़रूरत होगी जो 2019 में 1,37,600 करोड़ यूनिट थी। इसके लिए कुल 817 गीगावॉट क्षमता से हासिल करनी होगी। ऐसे हासिल होंगे लक्ष्य 50% बिजली अक्षय ऊर्जा से : 2019 में देश जरूरत की 9.2 फीसदी बिजली अक्षय ऊर्जा स्रोतों से बना रहा था। इसे 2030 तक 50 फीसदी तक लाना होगा। 630 गीगावाट क्षमता देश को अक्षय ऊर्जा की हासिल करनी होगी। कोयले पर निर्भरता घटेगी : 2019 में 228 गीगावाट क्षमता के साथ 63 फीसदी बिजली कोयले से बन रही थी। 2030 तक कोयले पर निर्भरता 56 फीसदी रह जाएगी। कार्बन उत्सर्जन में 100 करोड़ टन कमी : 2021 में भारत 2.88 गीगाटन (100 करोड़ टन) कार्बन डाई ऑक्साइड उत्सर्जन कर रहा है। यह वृद्धि चलती रहे तो 2030 तक आंकड़ा 3.48 गीगाटन हो जाए। भारत ने इसमें 1 गीगाटन कमी करेगा। प्रतिव्यक्ति कार्बन उत्सर्जन अमेरिकियों से 4 गुना कम : भारत ने प्रतिव्यक्ति 22% कार्बन उत्सर्जन कमी का लक्ष्य भी बनाया है। यह 2030 तक 2.98 टन पहुंच सकता था, अब इसे 2.31 टन पर लाया जाएगा। वहीं, अमेरिकी 9.42 टन, यूरोपीय 4.12 टन और चीनी 8.88 टन उत्सर्जन कर रहे होंगे।

COP26: कार्बन बजट और कार्बन उत्सर्जन के सवाल, किसे और कितनी मिलनी चाहिए इजाजत? पढ़ें विश्लेषण

सुनीता नारायण/अवंतिका गोस्वामी। जलवायु परिवर्तन स्वाभाविक है और हमें पता है कि यह निश्चित है। जलवायु वैज्ञानिकों ने आने वाले समय में प्रलय के बारे में हमें पहले से बता रखा है। संयुक्त राष्ट्र की शीर्ष जलवायु-विज्ञान शाखा, जलवायु-परिवर्तन पर अंतरसरकारी पैनल (आईपीसीसी) ने भी अपनी ताजा छठी आकलन रिपोर्ट (एआर 6) - 'क्लाइमेट चेंज 2021: द फिजिकल साइंस बेसिसÓ में इसकी पुष्टि की है। यह वही सच है जिसे हम जानते हैं, और अपने आस-पास की दुनिया में देखते हैं। उदाहरण के लिए - अत्यधिक गर्मी और नमी के नुकसान से शुरू हुई जंगल की आग, अत्यधिक बारिश की घटनाओं के कारण विनाशकारी बाढ़, और समुद्र व भूमि की सतह के बीच बदलते उष्णकटिबंधीय चक्रवात। रिपोर्ट साफ तौर पर कहती है कि निश्चित ही इन घटनाओं के लिए इंसान की आदतों को ही दोषी ठहराया जाएगा। मानवजनित कार्बन डाइआक्साइड और दूसरी ग्रीनहाउस गैसों ने हमारे ग्रह को इसकी सहनशीलता के स्तर से ज्यादा गरम कर दिया है। संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका के राष्ट्रीय महासागरीय और वायुमंडलीय प्रशासन के हवाई स्थित मौना लोआ वायुमंडलीय बेसलाइन वेधशाला के आंकड़े के मुताबिक, इस साल मई में, वायुमंडलीय कार्बन डाइआक्साइड का स्तर 419 पार्ट्स पर मिलियन (पीपीएम) तक पहुंच गया था। यह जलवायु परिवर्तन पर अंतर सरकारी पैनल द्वारा स्वीकार किए गए 1750 में 278 पीपीएम के पूर्व-औद्योगिक आधार रेखा से लगभग 45 फीसद ज्यादा है। उससे भी ज्यादा चिंताजनक बात यह है कि दुनिया के पास इस कार्बन से निपटने के लिए अब न तो जगह है और न समय। फिलहाल हम हर साल 36.4 जीगाटन कार्बन डाइआक्साइड उत्सर्जित करते हैं। आईपीसीसी का कहना है कि हमें धरती की प्रसंस्करण क्षमताओं के आधार पर अपने कार्बन उत्सर्जन का बजट बनाने की जरूरत है ताकि औसत वैश्विक तापमान वृद्धि, पूर्व-औद्योगिक स्तरों से 1.5 डिग्री सेल्सियस ऊपर न होने पाए। यही वह सीमा-रेखा है, जिससे हम अपनी दुनिया को जलवायु परिवर्तन की विनाशकारी घटनाओं से बचा सकते हैं। 2018 के आकड़ों के मुताबिक, 2030 तक दुनिया को 2010 के स्तर पर बनाए रखने के लिए उत्सर्जन में 45 से 50 फीसद कटौती की और 2050 तक उत्सर्जन शून्य करने की जरूरत है। यानी केवल वही उत्सर्जन करना है, जो जंगलों और समुद्रों जैसे प्राकृतिक स्रोतों द्वारा सोंका जा सके या फिर जिसे कार्बन कैपचर और स्टोरेज जैसी तकनीकों से साफ किया जा सके। आईपीसीसी की ताजा छठी आकलन रिपोर्ट यानी एआर 6 की मानें तो दुनिया के पास आने वाले संपूर्ण भविष्य के लिए 400 गीगाटन कार्बन डाइआक्साइड का बजट है। इसका मतलब यह है कि एक बार जब हम इस सीमा को पार कर जाएंगे (भले ही जब भी करें), तो तापमान में 1.5 डिग्री सेल्सियस की बढ़ोतरी का खतरा हमारे ठीक सामने होगा। वैज्ञानिकों द्वारा मिल रही इस तरह की सारी जानकारियों से हमें डर लगना चाहिए और फिर वास्तविक और सार्थक कार्रवाई के लिए तैयार होना चाहिए, लेकिन इसके बजाय दुनिया खंडों और देशों में बंट रही है और वैज्ञानिक इस पर बहस कर रहे हैं कि जलवायु-परिवर्तन के सवाल पर किस तरह की राजनीति की जा रही है और कौन कितना कार्बन उत्सर्जित कर रहा है। इन सबके अलावा कार्बन बजट को लेकर पूरी दुनिया में बड़ी अनिश्चितताएं तो हैं ही। तीन कारण हैं, जो कार्बन बजट की इस प्रक्रिया को जटिल बनाते हैं- पहला, कार्बन डाइआक्साइड और मीथेन जैसी ग्रीनहाउस गैसों की उम्र असामान्य तौर पर लंबी होती है। कहा जाता है कि जो कार्बन डाइआक्साइड वर्ष 1900 में उत्सर्जित की गई थी, वह आज भी वातावरण में है। ऐतिहासिक उत्सर्जक भी धरती को उसी तरह गर्म करने में अपनी भूमिका निभाते हैं जैसे-वर्तमान उत्सर्जक। दूसरा, ये प्रदूषक आर्थिक वृद्धि से जुड़े हुए हैं। कार्बन डाइआक्साइड के उत्सर्जन में बड़ा हिस्सा जीवाश्म ईंधन के जलने से होता है, जिसका उपयोग बिजली, परिवहन, सामान और हमारे घरों और कारखानों को बिजली देने के लिए किया जाता है। इसलिए, जब दुनिया जलवायु परिवर्तन पर चर्चा कर रही होती है, तो यह दुनिया की अर्थव्यवस्था पर भी चर्चा होती है, केवल धरती की पारिस्थितिकी की नहीं। तीसरा और आखिरी कारण यह कि चूंकि ग्रीनहाउस गैसें वातावरण में बनी रहती हैं और उत्सर्जन दुनिया के देशों में पूंजी निर्माण से जुड़ा है, इसलिए जलवायु परिवर्तन की लड़ाई, देशों के बीच वृद्धि के बंटवारे की लड़ाई है। इसका मतलब है- कार्बन बजट की साझेदारी। एक बेहद असमान दुनिया में, यह सबसे असुविधाजनक वास्तविकता है, खासकर तब, जब हम समानता और जलवायु न्याय के मुद्दों को ध्यान में रखते हैं। जलवायु परिवर्तन का विज्ञान और राजनीति इस कदर प्रभावित है कि इन्हें अलग नहीं किया जा सकता।इसलिए, हम नीचे दिए गए बिंदुओं का मतलब समझने का प्रयास करते हैं - तब और अब सदियों से बड़े उत्सर्जक कौन रहे हैं, और आज वे कहां खड़े हैं ? प्रति व्यक्ति उत्सर्जन में कौन कहां खड़ा है और किन देशों को विकसित होने के लिए कार्बन बजट के बड़े हिस्से की आवश्यकता है? राष्ट्रीय लक्ष्य राष्ट्रीय निर्धारित योगदान यानी एनडीसी के लिए किस तरह की वक्र रेखा तैयार होगी? स्वैच्छिक राष्ट्रीय लक्ष्य, 2015 पेरिस समझौते के हिस्से हमें किस ओर ले जाएंगे? किन देशों ने अपने लिए कठिन और किन देशों ने आसान लक्ष्य तय किए हैं ? कार्बन बजट दुनिया को 1.5 डिग्री सेल्सियस तापमान पर बनाए रखने के लिए कार्बन बजट कितना है? किस देश ने कितना बजट तय किया है? 2030 का लक्ष्य आगे बढ़ते हुए, 2020-30 में किन देशों के कार्बन बजट को हथिया लेने की संभावना है?

India's targets announced by PM at COP26 immensely hard to achieve: CSE

In a statement, the research and advocacy organisation said by announcing these targets, India is not just walking the talk, but "running the talk" The Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) on Tuesday said India's targets announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the global climate summit COP 26 are bold and ambitious but will be immensely challenging to achieve. In a statement, the research and advocacy organisation said by announcing these targets, India is not just walking the talk, but "running the talk". At the ongoing COP 26 in Glasgow, Modi announced "enhanced" targets for India to combat climate change - by 2030, India will increase its non-fossil fuel energy capacity to 500 giga watt, meet 50 per cent of its energy requirements from renewable sources, reduce its total projected carbon emissions by one billion tonnes from now, and bring down the carbon intensity of its economy by less than 45 per cent. And by 2070, India will achieve its target of net zero. "India's national targets, announced by its Prime Minister, are bold and ambitious, but they will be immensely challenging as well to achieve. In fact, by announcing these targets, India is not only walking its talk, it is literally running the talk - and recognising the urgent need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change," said CSE director general Sunita Narain. The organisation said that these ambitious pledges are a challenge to the developed world to step up their action. "Going by our comparatively low contribution to global emissions, coupled with the fact that our economy needs to grow and meet the energy needs of millions of poor citizens, we did not need to make such an ambitious pledge - but these are a challenge to the already rich world to step up - the time for procrastination and prevarication is over," it said. The CSE observed that India has committed to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions by 1 billion tonnes - roughly 22 per cent from the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario and "this means that per capita emissions in 2030 will be lower than all industrialised countries of the world, including China". "It also means that we have committed to a transformation of our energy system and this when we still have the challenge of reaching affordable energy to millions in the country," it said. The CSE further said that as far as the net-zero 2070 is concerned, India's target matches the commitment of the already industrialised. "The fact is that the world must reach net-zero by 2050, which means that the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries should get there by 2030 and China by 2040. The net zero target is not equitable or ambitious," it said. The CSE also decoded each of the targets announced by Modi. On the bold step to become net zero by 2070, it said that according to the IPCC, global emissions must become half by 2030 and reach net zero by 2050. "Given the enormous inequity in emissions in the world, the OECD countries must then reach net zero by 2030, China by 2040 and India and the rest of the world by 2050. However, the targets for net zero are both inequitable and unambitious. As per this, OECD countries have declared a net zero target for 2050 and China for 2060," said Narain. Therefore, India's net zero target of 2070 is an extension of this and cannot be argued against, the CSE said, adding that this combined net zero goal will not keep the world below 1.5 degree Celsius temperature rise and it means that OECD countries must frontload their emission reductions by 2030. "Most importantly, China which will occupy 33 per cent of the remaining budget and must be asked to reduce its emissions drastically in this decade -- China alone will add 126 Gt in this decade," it said.