Evaluation of biochar from FSTPs (Rajasthan): A scoping study

January 16, 2026

In an attempt to understand the scope and advancement of circular economy within urban sanitation, Environment Monitoring Laboratory of Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) has done a scoping study on one of the key technologies such as Pyrolysis-based OmniProcessor (POP) that could transform faecal sludge into valuable biochar in two locations of Rajasthan, Khairthal and Kishangarh Bas. The study investigated whether turning human waste into biochar is a safe and viable alternative to traditional disposal methods.

An in-depth look at how POP systems process faecal sludge to generate energy, treated water, and nutrient-rich biochar was made. The report quantitatively compares the use of POP-generated biochar against untreated faecal sludge, revealing significant benefits in pathogen reduction and soil health improvement. While the technology effectively stabilizes waste and improves soil water retention, the study frankly addresses remaining challenges, including heavy metal concentrations and strict regulatory compliance for unrestricted agricultural use.

This study validates POP technology as a promising tool for closing the sanitation loop, converting a hazardous waste challenge into a sustainable resource opportunity for India’s growing towns. It serves as a vital resource for policymakers, sanitation experts, and environmentalists who would consider POP and similar technologies as a valuable option to enhance circular economy.